Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 as a serum biomarker of early neurologic deterioration and prognosis in acute supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage

Usability of serum annexin A7 as a biochemical marker of poor outcome and early neurological deterioration after acute primary intracerebral hemorrhage: A prospective cohort study

“…In our study, 36 patients (28.6%) experienced END, and 54 patients (42.9%) had an unfavorable outcome at post-stroke 90 days. Hence, our data about rates of END and unfavorable outcome after ICH were in line with previous reports ( 7 , 8 , 27 , 28 ). In addition, 54 patients who developed a poor prognosis at 90 days included 36 patients with END at 24 h and 24 patients were in overlap between the two groups.…”

“…However, it remains unclear whether circulating ANXA7 levels are associated with hemorrhagic severity and clinical outcome after acute brain injury. Generally, the rates of END and unfavorable outcome were ~ 30 and 45%, respectively ( 7 , 8 , 27 , 28 ). In our study, 36 patients (28.6%) experienced END, and 54 patients (42.9%) had an unfavorable outcome at post-stroke 90 days.…”

Unveiling the significance of TREM1/2 in hemorrhagic stroke: structure, function, and therapeutic implications

“…By measuring serum sTREM-1 levels and three-month follow-up scores at prognosis (NIHSS score and modified Rankin scale (mRS) score), they found a significant increase in serum sTREM-1 concentration after ICH that may reflect the inflammatory response, hemorrhage severity and long-term functional prognosis. Therefore, sTREM-1 can be used as an inflammatory biomarker to assess the severity of ICH and predict early neurological function deterioration ( 62 ). TREM1 is primarily expressed in microglia/macrophages within the central nervous system ( 50 ).…”

The role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) in central nervous system diseases

“…Researchers have proposed that HMGB1 may be a ligand for TREM-1 [ 59 ]. Clinical investigations have found elevated serum sTREM-1 concentrations in patients with primary cerebral hemorrhage, which may be used to assess the severity of disease and the prognosis of patients with ICH [ 104 ]. In a transcriptome analysis of peripheral whole blood from 18 patients with ICH, 440 genes associated with ICH were identified, and were mainly expressed in inflammatory pathways, including NF-κB, TREM-1, and other neuroinflammatory signaling pathways.…”

“…Serum TREM-1 levels were elevated and correlated with stroke severity [83] Post-stroke depression (PSD) sTREM-1 Plasma Reduced sTREM-1 levels in patients with PSD were negatively associated with the severity of depressive symptoms [89] Subarachnoid hemorrhage sTREM-1 CSF Early elevation of sTREM-1 was positively correlated with white blood cells, CRP, and the severity of the disease [92] sTREM-1 Plasma sTREM-1 levels were elevated and positively correlated with Hunt-Hess classification and CRP levels [95] sTREM-1 CSF sTREM-1 levels were positively correlated with the Hunt-Hess classification [93,94] Intracerebral hemorrhage sTREM-1 Serum Elevated sTREM-1 levels may correlate with the severity of disease [104] Alzheimer's disease TREM-1 Blood TREM-1 mRNA levels were elevated [111] sTREM-1 Plasma Elevated sTREM-1 levels were positively correlated with AD progression and total tau protein levels [112] Gliomas TREM-1 Blood Patients with TREM-1/TREM-2 ratios greater than 125 had shorter survival times than those with ratios less than 125 [122] sTREM-1 Serum sTREM-1 levels were lower than that of normal subjects [122] Bacterial meningitis sTREM-1 CSF sTREM-1 levels were elevated [123] sTREM-1 CSF sTREM-1 levels were elevated and correlated with mortality [124] sTREM-1 CSF sTREM-1 levels were higher in surviving patients than in deceased patients [125] External ventricular drainrelated ventriculitis sTREM-1 CSF sTREM-1 concentrations were elevated [126] may lead to irreversible central nervous injury. In addition, innate immune cells generate an immune response in response to pathogen invasion or tissue damage, and the induced inflammatory response is associated with the activation of PRRs.…”