Soluble Graphene: Generation of Aqueous Graphene Solutions Aided by a Perylenebisimide‐Based Bolaamphiphile

Englert, Jan M.; Röhrl, Jonas; Schmidt, Cordula D.; Graupner, Ralf; Hundhausen, Martin; Hauke, Frank; Hirsch, Andreas

doi:10.1002/adma.200901578

Cited by 202 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…1. Their aggregation behavior dependent on the pH value, ionic strength and concentration [26][27][28] has been investigated and based on their pronounced solubility, their ability to exfoliate and stabilize single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) 29 and graphene in water 30,31 has been demonstrated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel EDTA-ligands containing an integral perylene bisimide (PBI) core as an optical reporter unit

et al. 2014

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The synthesis, characterization and metal complexation of a new class of perylene bisimides (PBIs) as an integral part of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are reported. The simplest representative, namely derivative 1a, was synthesized both by a convergent as well as a direct approach while the elongated derivatives, 1b and 1c, were obtained only via a convergent synthetic pathway. All these new prototypes of water-soluble perylenes are bolaamphiphiles and were fully characterized by 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy. In order to acquaint ourselves with the behaviour in solution of our PBIs bearing dendritic wedges, the simplest derivative, 1a, was chosen and tested by means of UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as by zeta-potential measurements. A photoexcitation induced intramolecular photo-electron transfer (PET) can be observed in these molecules. Therefore their potential applications as sensors can be imagined. Model compound 1a efficiently coordinates trivalent metal cations both in water and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Significantly, the effects of the complexation strongly depend on the aggregation state of the PBI molecules in solution. As a matter of fact, in water, the presence of M 3+ ions triggers the formation of light emitting supramolecular aggregates (excimers). On the other hand, in DMSO-rich solutions metal complexation leads to the suppression of the PET and leads to a strong fluorescence enhancement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel EDTA-ligands containing an integral perylene bisimide (PBI) core as an optical reporter unit

et al. 2014

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“…Defect free graphene is generally produced by sonicating graphite powder either in certain solvents [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] or aqueous surfactant [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] solutions. The sonication tends to break up the graphite crystallites as well as exfoliating them to give large number of graphene nanosheets.…”

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confidence: 99%

Turbulence-assisted shear exfoliation of graphene using household detergent and a kitchen blender

et al. 2014

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To facilitate progression from the lab to commercial applications, it will be necessary to develop simple, scalable methods to produce high quality graphene. Here we demonstrate the production of large quantities of defect-free graphene using a kitchen blender and household detergent. We have characterised the scaling of both graphene concentration and production rate with the mixing parameters: mixing time, initial graphite concentration, rotor speed and liquid volume. We find the production rate to be invariant with mixing time and to increase strongly with mixing volume, results which are important for scale-up. Even in this simple system, concentrations of up to 1 mg ml À1 and graphene masses of >500 mg can be achieved after a few hours mixing. The maximum production rate was $0.15 g h À1 , much higher than for standard sonication-based exfoliation methods. We demonstrate that graphene production occurs because the mean turbulent shear rate in the blender exceeds the critical shear rate for exfoliation.Over the last decade, graphene has become one of the most studied of all nano-materials due to its 2-dimensional structure and its unique set of physical properties. 1,2 During this period, the focus of much of the research community has been on mapping out and understanding the fundamental physics and chemistry of graphene. However, in recent years, the emphasis has started to shi slightly towards the demonstration of applications. 3 Over the next few years, we expect the emphasis to shi further as both academic and industrial researchers concentrate on fullling the applications potential of graphene, eventually leading to a range of graphene-enabled products.However, before this can be achieved, it will be critically important to develop industrially scalable production methods for graphene. While graphene can be produced by a range of techniques, many applications will require solution-processed 4 graphene. In particular, a number of applications will require access to large volumes of graphene dispersions or inks. Using standard solution deposition techniques such as inkjet printing 5,6 or spray coating, 7,8 such inks can be used to prepare a range of lms, coatings or patterned structures. In particular, applications in areas such as printed electronics will require the production of conductive lms or traces. Here, defect free graphene performs particularly well, giving high conductivity structures without high temperature post treatments. 5 Thus, it is clear that large scale production techniques for defect-free graphene are urgently required.Defect free graphene is generally produced by sonicating graphite powder either in certain solvents 9-16 or aqueous surfactant 17-23 solutions. The sonication tends to break up the graphite crystallites as well as exfoliating them to give large number of graphene nanosheets. 11 Raman spectroscopy 15,24,25 shows this method to produce negligible quantities of basal plane defects while XPS shows the akes to be un-oxidised. 14 While the graphene produced by this m...

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“…51,52 Alternative solution approaches include intercalation of graphite with alkali metals, 53 chemical post-treatment with electrophile yielding materials, in which aggregation and material properties are largely governed by the functional groups 54,55 and the break-off of p-p interactions between individual layers by using ultrasound. 56,57 The latter also leads to interesting electronic features when, for example, electron donating chromophores like phthalocyanines, 58 porphyrins,…”

Section: Carbon Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in multifunctional nanocarbons used in dye-sensitized solar cells

Costa

Lodermeyer

Casillas

et al. 2014

Energy Environ. Sci.

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Throughout recent years the implementation of nanocarbons into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) has resulted in important breakthroughs. The most relevant of them in this context are (i) the enhancement of charge transport and charge collection in nanocarbon-doped electrodes, (ii) the introduction of nanocarbon interlayers that simultaneously reduce the charge recombination and increase the charge collection efficiency, (iii) the use of nanocarbon-based, iodine-free, solid-state electrolytes featuring excellent diffusion coefficients and catalytic efficiencies, (iv) the use of novel nanocarbon-based hybrid dyes, and (v) the use of nanocarbons towards platinum-free counter electrodes. The first four aforementioned aspects are thoroughly described in this review. Broader contextThroughout recent years the implementation of nanocarbons into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) has resulted in important breakthroughs. The most relevant of them in this context are (i) the enhancement of charge transport and charge collection in nanocarbon-doped electrodes, (ii) the introduction of nanocarbon interlayers that simultaneously reduce the charge recombination and increase the charge collection efficiency, (iii) the use of nanocarbon-based, iodine-free, solid-state electrolytes featuring excellent diffusion coefficients and catalytic efficiencies, (iv) the use of novel nanocarbon-based hybrid dyes, and (v) the use of nanocarbons towards platinum-free counter electrodes. The rst four aforementioned aspects are thoroughly described in this review.

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Soluble Graphene: Generation of Aqueous Graphene Solutions Aided by a Perylenebisimide‐Based Bolaamphiphile

Cited by 202 publications

References 40 publications

Novel EDTA-ligands containing an integral perylene bisimide (PBI) core as an optical reporter unit

Novel EDTA-ligands containing an integral perylene bisimide (PBI) core as an optical reporter unit

Turbulence-assisted shear exfoliation of graphene using household detergent and a kitchen blender

Recent advances in multifunctional nanocarbons used in dye-sensitized solar cells

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