Soluble Fraction from Lysates of Selected Probiotic Strains Differently Influences Re-Epithelialization of HaCaT Scratched Monolayer Through a Mechanism Involving Nitric Oxide Synthase 2

Abstract

A growing body of evidence supports the use of probiotics in the treatment of several skin conditions, including wounds. Even if in vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted the pro-healing effects of some probiotic bacteria, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully defined. The current investigation aimed to determine the re-epithelialization potential of the soluble fraction from lysate of seven different probiotic strains belonging to different genera (i.e., Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium) on in vitro physically wounded HaCaT monolayer model. The results suggested that the soluble fraction of S. thermophilus, L. plantarum, and L. acidophilus promoted the re-epithelialization of scratched HaCaT monolayers, whereas those from B. longum, B. infantis, and B. breve significantly inhibited the process. On the other hand, L. bulgaricus showed no significant effect on in vitro wound repair. The mechanisms underlying the pro- or anti-healing properties of selected bacterial strains strictly and positively correlated with their ability to modulate nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) expression and activity. Accordingly, the pre-treatment with aminoguanidine (AG), a specific inhibitor of NOS2 activity, abrogated the pro-healing effects of S. thermophilus, L. plantarum, and L. acidophilus.

Exploring the wound healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-pathogenic and proteomic effects of lactic acid bacteria on keratinocytes

“…The data obtained have also shown that L. plantarum SGL 07 and L. salivarius SGL 19, improve the closure of wounds, a property which can therefore be linked to their induction effect of keratinocyte migration. The potential of L. plantarum lysate in aiding wound healing has been already showed for a specific strain called Lp-115 28 , while this is to the best of our knowledge the first time that the promotion of re-epithelialization is demonstrated for a L. salivarius lysate.…”

The 3-D configuration of excisional skin wound healing after topical probiotic application

“…gov/ij/ ]. The wound area at each time-point was additionally expressed as a percentage closure of the original wound: wound size at baseline in mm 2 minus wound area on a specific day in mm 2 , divided by wound size at baseline in mm 2 X 100 [22] .…”

“…Lactobacillus plantarum was found to significantly accelerate reepithelialization by the NOS2/NO pathway [22] and by Plantaricin A production, which both stimulate keratinocyte migration and proliferation [41] . It is of interest that the scratch area in human keratinocytes monolayer was re-epithelialized at 16 h and 24 h by 74% and 96% compared to 47% and 72% ( p < 0.0 0 01) in a control [9] , while an increase of tight barrier function of keratinocytes was also prominent [32] .…”

Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus plantarum improve diabetic wound healing through modulating inflammatory factors

“…Reportedly, they have the ability to inhibit inflammation and regulating local and systemic immune responses [8,13,14]. In addition, the positive stimulatory effects of probiotics on wound healing have been reported by several studies [15][16][17][18][19]. They have revealed that topical treatment of wounds with probiotic bacteria could accelerate their healing process by activating macrophages and lymphocytes, promoting immune system functions, and suppressing inflammation [16,[20][21][22][23].…”