Solubility Studies of Silver Sulfadiazine

Nesbitt, Russell U.; Sandmann, Beverly J.

doi:10.1002/jps.2600660414

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The solubility of silver chloride is 14 mM 47 and AgSD is 3 mM. 48 In the presence of excess amounts of sodium chloride, the concentration of free Ag C is lowered to approximately 2 nM, regardless of the concentrations of silver nitrate added. 49 Experiments by Gupta et al 50 have shown chlorides to have three levels of effect on the availability of Ag C .…”

Section: Wound Microbiology and Antimicrobial Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial resistance to silver in wound care

Percival

Bowler

Russell

2005

Journal of Hospital Infection

753

429

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Section: Wound Microbiology and Antimicrobial Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial resistance to silver in wound care

Percival

Bowler

Russell

2005

Journal of Hospital Infection

753

429

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“…Nevertheless, the efficacy of silver preparations is determined by the amount of bioavailable ionic silver they release, not the total amount of bound (sulfadiazine) or metallic (colloidal or nanoparticulate) silver present (41). The solubility product of silver sulfadiazine is 8.12 ϫ 10 Ϫ12 at 25°C (42), and in a simple nonbinding well-equilibrated medium at physiologic pH, the Ag ϩ concentration can be as low as 2.6 M, although in the presence of human serum, which better approximates wound fluid, it can rise to 145 M (43). Thus, the Ag ϩ concentrations used in the present study are relevant to the expected concentration of Ag ϩ available under clinical conditions.…”

Section: Fig 6 Pyocyanin Confers Resistance To Agmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyocyanin Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Confers Resistance to Ionic Silver

Müller

Merrett

2014

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Silver in its ionic form (Ag ؉ ), but not the bulk metal (Ag 0 ), is toxic to microbial life forms and has been used for many years in the treatment of wound infections. The prevalence of bacterial resistance to silver is considered low due to the nonspecific nature of its toxicity. However, the recent increased use of silver as an antimicrobial agent for medical, consumer, and industrial products has raised concern that widespread silver resistance may emerge. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that produces pyocyanin, a redox toxin and a reductant for molecular oxygen and ferric (Fe 3؉ ) ions. The objective of this study was to determine whether pyocyanin reduces Ag ؉ to Ag 0 , which may contribute to silver resistance due to lower bioavailability of the cation. Using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, pyocyanin was confirmed to be a reductant for Ag ؉ , forming Ag 0 nanoparticles and reducing the bioavailability of free Ag ؉ by >95% within minutes. Similarly, a pyocyanin-producing strain of P. aeruginosa (PA14) reduced Ag ؉ but not a pyocyanin-deficient (⌬phzM) strain of the bacterium. Challenge of each strain with Ag ؉ (as AgNO 3 ) gave MICs of 20 and 5 g/ml for the PA14 and ⌬phzM strains, respectively. Removal of pyocyanin from the medium strain PA14 was grown in or its addition to the medium that ⌬phzM mutant was grown in gave MICs of 5 and 20 g/ml, respectively. Clinical isolates demonstrated similar pyocyanin-dependent resistance to Ag ؉ . We conclude that pseudomonal silver resistance exists independently of previously recognized intracellular mechanisms and may be more prevalent than previously considered.

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“…The analytical method and the acid-base properties of silver sulfadiazine were discussed previously (1). Similar systems are proposed for the silver salts of sulfamethazine, sulfamethizole, and sulfapyridine.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The solutions were analyzed a t 25 f 0.1" in paraffin-coated beakers for silver ions with a silver-ion selective electrode* standardized a t 25 f 0.1' and 0.1 M ionic strength using procedures reported earlier (1,5,6). The vials were rotated end over end in the thermostated bath until equilibrium solubility was obtained (3-7 days).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%