Solubility of endotoxins from <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>

Eduard, Wijnand; Westby, Mette Haraldsen; Larsson, Lennart

doi:10.1002/ajim.20089

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…According to this dose-effect relationship, the exposure level of garbage collectors would be safe whereas the special tasks of wastewater workers could trigger airways inflammation. However, recent work (Reynolds et al, 2002;Eduard et al, 2004;Jacobs & Chun 2004;Chun et al, 2006) drew attention to the fact that interlaboratory consistency of endotoxin measurements is rather low whereas intralaboratory precision is satisfactory. For this reason, Thorne et al (2004) suggested a semiquantitative approach to detect environments with high levels of endotoxin needing intervention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Surfactant Protein A, Exposure to Endotoxin, and Asthma in Garbage Collectors and in Wastewater Workers

Widmeier

Bernard

Tschopp

et al. 2007

Inhalation Toxicology

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Endotoxin causes an inflammation at the bronchial and alveolar level. The inflammation-induced increase in permeability of the bronchoalveolar epithelial barrier is supposed to cause a leakage of pneumoproteins. Therefore, their concentrations are expected to increase in the bloodstream. This study aimed at examining the association between occupational exposure to endotoxin and a serum pneumoprotein, surfactant protein A, to look for nonoccupational factors capable of confounding this association, and examine the relation between surfactant protein A and spirometry. There were 369 control subjects, 325 wastewater workers, and 84 garbage collectors in the study. Exposure to endotoxin was assessed through personal sampling and the Limulus amebocytes lysate assay. Surfactant protein A was determined by an in house sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 697 subjects. Clinical and smoking history were ascertained and spirometry carried out according to American Thoracic Society criteria. Multiple linear regression was used for statistical analysis. Exposure was fairly high during some tasks in wastewater workers but did not influence surfactant protein A. Surfactant protein A was lower in asthmatics. Interindividual variability was large. No correlation with spirometry was found. Endotoxin has no effect on surfactant protein A at these endotoxin levels and serum surfactant protein A does not correlate with spirometry. The decreased surfactant protein A secretion in asthmatics requires further study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Surfactant Protein A, Exposure to Endotoxin, and Asthma in Garbage Collectors and in Wastewater Workers

Widmeier

Bernard

Tschopp

et al. 2007

Inhalation Toxicology

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“…16 However, limitations of the LAL method include substantial interlaboratory variations (5-12 fold), and water insoluble endotoxins cannot be detected. 27,28 Endotoxins can also be estimated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using 3-hydroxy fatty acids as chemical markers. In sewage treatment plants, this method showed comparable results with the LAL assay.…”

Section: Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaerosol exposure assessment in the workplace: the past, present and recent advances

et al. 2012

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Louis Pasteur described the first measurements of airborne microorganisms in 1861. A century later, the inhalation of spores from thermophilic microorganisms was shown to induce attacks of farmers' lung in patients with this disease, while endotoxins originating from Gram-negative bacteria were identified as causal agents for byssinosis in cotton workers. Further epidemiological and toxicological studies have demonstrated inflammatory, respiratory, and pathogenic effects following exposure to bioaerosols. Exposure assessment is often confounded by the diversity of bioaerosol agents in the environment. Microorganisms represent a highly diverse group that may vary in toxicity. Fungi and bacteria are mainly quantified as broad groups using a variety of viable and nonviable assessment methods. Endotoxins and β(1 → 3)-glucans are mainly measured by their activity in the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay, enzymes by immuno-chemical methods and mycotoxins by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Few health-based occupational exposure limits (OELs) are available for risk assessment. spores recently proposed a lowest observed effect level of 100 000 spores m −3 for non-pathogenic and non-mycotoxin producing species based on inflammatory respiratory effects. Recent developments in bioaerosol assessment were presented at the Organic Dust Tromsł Symposium including molecular biological methods for infectious agents and organisms that are difficult to cultivate; studies of submicronic and hyphal fragments from fungi; the effect of biodiversity of microorganisms in asthma studies; and new/improved measurement methods for fungal antigens, enzymes and allergens. Although exposure assessment of bioaerosol agents is complex and limited by the availability of methods and criteria, the field is rapidly evolving. HHS Public Access

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“…Eduard et al 55) studied the solubility of the endotoxins from Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, determining the amount of 3-OH-FA by GC/FID in the soluble and insoluble fractions separated by centrifugation; it ranged from 9% to 83% and they suggested that the LAL test may underestimate endotoxins in environmental samples because the non-soluble fraction remains undetected.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An inter-laboratory comparison of LAL findings (endpoint chromogenic and kinetic chromogenic) with GC-MS of 3-hydroxy fatty acids was also presented and discussed, concluding that the factor that mainly affects endotoxin measurements seems to be the extraction method and that GC/MS offers additional information, optimizing sample treatment, and may be useful for comparisons across different environments 66) . Eduard et al 55) found LPS markers in the residues after centrifugation of an endotoxin suspension. As the LAL test detects the water-soluble endotoxin, while the total amount of LPS gives information about the presence of organic dust, it can be hypothesized that with the extraction of the sample in PFW followed by centrifugation probably a fraction of the endotoxins in the environment considered remains undetected.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor Exposure to Airborne Endotoxin: A Review of the Literature on Sampling and Analysis Methods

et al. 2013

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Assessment of exposure to airborne endotoxins has been studied for several years, especially in occupational environments, but a large number of procedures are used for sampling and analysis. This lack of standardization makes it very difficult to compare results and set internationally accepted threshold limit values (TLVs) or occupational exposure limits (OELs) for endotoxin exposure. This paper reviews the methods reported, using advanced bibliographical search techniques: 82 papers published from 2004 to the present were selected to analyze methods for the assessment of human exposure to airborne endotoxins, with particular reference to occupational settings, and to examine their performance and critical points. Only few studies have focused on the standardization of sampling and analysis methods. The European Committee for Standardization Guidelines coincide with the procedures most frequently applied, but this does not guarantee the best results in terms of recovery and reproducibility. The factor that mainly affects endotoxin measurements is the extraction method, the main concern being the presence in the samples of a fraction insoluble in aqueous media. If substantial differences in the proportions of this fraction in different environments are confirmed in the future, the contribution of insoluble endotoxins cannot be neglected.

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Solubility of endotoxins from Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract: Endotoxin exposure may be underestimated in environmental samples by the LAL test because a substantial fraction can be non-soluble and is not detected.

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Surfactant Protein A, Exposure to Endotoxin, and Asthma in Garbage Collectors and in Wastewater Workers

Surfactant Protein A, Exposure to Endotoxin, and Asthma in Garbage Collectors and in Wastewater Workers

Bioaerosol exposure assessment in the workplace: the past, present and recent advances

Indoor Exposure to Airborne Endotoxin: A Review of the Literature on Sampling and Analysis Methods

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