Solubility Measurement, Thermodynamic Correlation, and Comprehensive Analysis of 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic Acid in 13 Pure Solvents

Abstract

The solubility of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid in 13 solvents (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol, i-butanol, n-pentanol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, and acetonitrile) was tested by gravimetry from 283.15 to 323.15 K under atmospheric pressure. The results showed that the solubility of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid increased with the increasing temperature in all pure solvents. Besides, the experimental solubility results of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid was fitted with thermodynamic equations like modified Apelblat equation, van’t Hoff equation, λh equation and the nonrandom two liquid equation. The results of average relative deviation, root-mean-square deviation, and coefficient of determination showed that the modified Apelblat equation correlates best of all models. Moreover, solvent effects and density functional theory (DFT) were introduced to demonstrate the dissolution properties of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid in the above solvents. At last, the dissolution process of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid in selected solvents was spontaneous according to the results of the mixing Gibbs free energy change (Δmix G).

Biological Activity of Complexes Involving Nitro-Containing Ligands and Crystallographic-Theoretical Description of 3,5-DNB Complexes

“…This diversity of coordination allows for the use of this ligand in the assembly of molecular systems and coordination polymers and even helps in the building of interesting supramolecular architectures through intermolecular interactions [ 6 ]. The potential of carboxylate and nitro groups to form coordination bonds is illustrated in the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analysis of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (3,5-DNBA) with similar negative potential values for both groups, which can be interpreted as potential Lewis bases that are comparable in magnitude [ 53 ]. The formation of interesting structural frameworks by the participation of both groups is observed in the crystal structures of compounds containing 3,5-DNB with Na [ 10 , 11 ], K [ 6 ], Cs [ 12 ], Ag [ 6 ], and Tl [ 13 ] ( Figure 8 ).…”

Molecular Assembly and Nucleation Kinetics during Nucleation of 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic Acid

“…According to previous work, 8 the solubility of DNBA in methanol and acetonitrile can be obtained. The solubility of DNBA in toluene and DMSO at 298.15 K was measured in this work, and the results are shown in Table S1.…”