Solidification of Sea Ice

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Thermal considerations affecting the rate of formation of sea ice are discussed showing the effects of the major variables. The natural solidification process (freezing downward from contact with cold air) is contrasted with freezing of layers cast on the surface of sea ice. Transient heating and cooling of solid ice during and after flooding are analyzed. Procedures for maximizing the rate of ice formati on and minimizing base-ice heating are discussed , along with factors affecting brine segregation. REsuME. Les auteurs discutent Ies facteurs thermiques susceptibles d'agir sur la vitesse de formation de la glace de J'eau de mer et signalent le role des variables les plus importantes. Le processus nature! de la solidification-au cours duquella congelation se fait du haut vers le bas par suite du contact avec l'air froid -est compare avec la congelation de nappes d'eau artificiellement creees a la surface de la glace de-mer. Le rechauffement et le refroidissement transitoires des couches solides de la glace soumise a cette inondation sont analyses. Les auteurs suggerent des methodes pour accelerer au maximum la formation de la glace et reduire au minimum le rechauffement de la glace sous-jacente, et discutent les facteurs qui determin ent la segregation d'eau a salinite elevee pendant la congelation.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG. Thermische Bedingungen, die die Geschwindigkeit beeinflusscn, mit der sich das Meereis bildet, und die Einwirkungen der Hauptvariablen darauf werden besprochen.

Development and Design of Sludge Freezing Beds

“…However, for thin layers such as those applied to a freezing bed the surface temperature is closer to the freezing point than the ambient air temperature. This phenomenon was observed by Adams et al (1960) during layer freezing experiments with seawater. Data obtained during convection coefficient measurements concur with this observation.…”

“…As a result of these evaluations, it seems reasonable to conclude that the physical and Table 8. i 0.9 ly still air, Adams et al (1960) obtained an hc value of 11.6 W/m 2 .°C in layer freezing experiments with seawater.…”

“…Intenatural freezing of sludge in lagoons or drying beds. Also, this solution is the same as that presented by 0)tczAdams et al (1960) for the case of ice bridge…”

Inverse electromagnetic scattering models for sea ice

“…The estimation of the growth of ice thickness is given by (4.1), which is a heat and mass balance equation [53], [104], where is the ice thickness, is the growth rate, is the air temperature, and is the ice melting temperature, where all temperatures are in C. The thermal conductivity of saline ice in W/m/ C is is the latent heat of freezing in J/kg, the quantity is the heat transfer coefficient between ice and air, which accounts for contributions from both convection and radiation, and is the density of the ice. The growth of sea ice also accompanies the desalination process [26], and (4.2) approximates the reduction of the bulk salinity, in , of thin saline ice by a monotonic decreasing function of ice layer thickness and a desalination factor .…”