Solidago graminifolia L. Salisb. (Asteraceae) as a Valuable Source of Bioactive Polyphenols: HPLC Profile, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential

Abstract

Solidago species are often used in traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory, diuretic, wound-healing and antimicrobial agents. Still, the bioactive compounds and biological activities of some species have not been studied. The present work aimed to investigate the polyphenolic profile and the biological properties of Solidago graminifolia L. Salisb., a poorly explored medicinal plant. The hydroalcoholic extracts from aerial parts were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and the polyphenolic compounds were investigated by HPLC-MS. The antioxidant potential in vitro was determined using DPPH and FRAP assays. Antibacterial and antifungal effects were evaluated by dilution assays and MIC, MBC and MFC were calculated. The results showed that Solidago graminifolia aerial parts contain an important amount of total phenolics (192.69 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (151.41 mg RE/g), with chlorogenic acid and quercitrin as major constituents. The hydroalcoholic extracts showed promising antioxidant and antimicrobial potential, with potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and important antifungal effect against Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis. The obtained results indicated that the aerial parts of Solidago graminifolia could be used as novel resource of phytochemicals in herbal preparations with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

Efficacy and Mechanism of Traditional Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds against Clinically Important Pathogens

“…Tannins are classes of another polymeric phenolic substance, characterized as astringency, which is capable to deactivate microbial adhesins, enzymes, and membrane transporter systems [105,119]. Coumarins (12) are benzo-α-pyrones known to stimulate macrophages, which could have an adverse effect on infections [7,120]. Terpenes are organic compounds containing isoprene subunits, which involve microbial membrane disruption [121,122].…”

“…Quercetin 1Rutin 2Naringenin 3sophoraflavanone (4) Tiliroside (5) 2, 4, 6-trihydroxy-30methyl chalcone (6) Acacetin 7Apigenin (8) Morin (9) Rhamnetin (10) Lipophilic 3-arylidene (11) Coumarins (12) Thymol (13) Eugenol (14) Cinnamaldehyde (15) Carvone (16) Carvacrol (17) Galangin (18)…”

“…There is an accumulating interest in the practice of either crude extract of medicinal plants, as well as the screening plant-derived compounds as an alternative therapy for microbial infections [11]. Plants generally produce a diverse range of bioactive compounds which have been widely used in clinical practice [12]. Remarkably, a significant number of marketed drugs are obtained from nature or result in natural products through either chemical transformations or de novo synthesis [13].…”

Solidago virgaurea L.: A Review of Its Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities

“…They are widespread throughout the world, most of them originating from North America or confined to this part of the world [2]. Most of Solidago species are herbaceous flowering plants, which occur in the spontaneous flora or are cultivated as decorative plants [3]. Raw materials of goldenrods have a long and wide use history in the traditional medicine of different parts of the world: S. virgaurea L. (European goldenrod) is the most used in Europe and Asia; S. canadensis L. (Canadian goldenrod), S. gigantea Aiton (Giant goldenrod) and S. odora Aiton − in North America; S. chilensis Meyen − in South America [4,5].…”

“…The aerial parts of European goldenrod have been known and used for centuries as anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, and diuretic remedies in the traditional medicine for the treatment of numerous diseases, especially as a urological agent in kidney and bladder inflammation, urolithiasis, and cystitis [3,4,[8][9][10][11][12]. According to the European Medicines Agency, S. virgaurea is one of the most used and studied species of the Solidago genus in Europe [9].…”