Solid-state electrogenerated chemiluminescence in sol–gel derived monoliths

Abstract

Stable solid-state electrogenerated chemiluminescence has been achieved by trapping the chemiluminescent precursors, ruthenium(ii) tris(bipyridine) and tripropylamine, in a porous silicate host matrix prepared by the sol-gel process and exciting them electrochemically via an immobilized microelectrode assembly.

Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(ii) chemiluminescence

“…While these devices have no direct analytical use there has been significant interest in the area of steady-state electrochemiluminescence for large area emissive panels and displays with low operating voltages. 97 Collinson and Martin 97,98,131 investigated sol-gel entrapped tris(2,29-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) with oxalate and various amines. The use of microelectrodes decreased consumption of the reductant and provided a steady state flux of reagents to the electrode surface.…”

Electroanalysis with Pure, Chemically Modified and Sol-Gel-Derived Silica-Based Materials

“…Recent trends involve either the use of silica sol as a nanoglue to create guest-host composite aerogels [215,216], or the covalent modi®cation of micro-or mesoporous silicates with new ligands, molecular recognition centers, dyes, or chemiluminescent molecules [136,168,217]. Even if electrosynthesis of metal oxides and hydroxides is an emerging technique in materials science [218], only few examples are available dealing with electrochemical methods to generate sol-gel ®lms [219,220].…”

“…For example Peng et al [202] reported the fabrication of an amperometric sensor for Escherichia coli, based on the adsorption of bilayer vesicles (liposomes) on a sol-gel silica ®lm coated on glassy carbon. Another promising research direc-tion involving the implication of silica-based materials in electroanalysis is the design of reagentless electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based sensors [178], as well as solidstate ECL sensors [168], by exploiting the ability of incorporating electroactive dyes or chromophores into sol-gel silica. In this application, the silica ®lm is essential to prevent fouling of the electrode surface, which is a common problem associated to the amperometric detection of proteins.…”

“…To date, however, silica-based materials have been used rarely in electrochemiluminescence methodology, even if the covalent attachment of organic dyes or chromophores to a silica framework is rather common [6,217,220,227,228]. One recent example of electrogenerated chemiluminescence in silica monoliths has been achieved by the encapsulation of ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) and tripropylamine in a silica sol-gel material comprising a microelectrode assembly [168].…”

“…In addition, sol-gel matrices exhibit a fair in vivo biocompatibility [246], which could result in the development of subcutaneously implantable (i.e., glucose) sensors in the next future. Another promising research direc-tion involving the implication of silica-based materials in electroanalysis is the design of reagentless electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based sensors [178], as well as solidstate ECL sensors [168], by exploiting the ability of incorporating electroactive dyes or chromophores into sol-gel silica.…”