Solid-state dion battery

A high-rate and long cycle life aqueous electrolyte battery for grid-scale energy storage

“…The electrochemical properties of conductive polymers such as PPy have been explored in both organic and aqueous electrolytes 25,26 . PPy is very insoluble in aqueous electrolytes 26 .…”

“…PPy is very insoluble in aqueous electrolytes 26 . Its electrochemical cycling proceeds by a p-type doping/de-doping process: Anions from the electrolyte coordinate to the PPy chains during oxidation, and they are released during reduction 27 .…”

Chemical reduction method for industrial application of undoped polypyrrole electrodes in lithium-ion batteries

“…Besides, as it can be repeatedly cycled between different oxidation states, this kind of polymers can be used as a reversible electrode for rechargeable batteries. Therefore, many polymers have been investigated and developed due to their potential industrial applicability in electrodes for rechargeable batteries [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] (as lithium [15][16][17][18][19][20] or lithium-ion batteries [21][22][23][24]). The advantages of using a polymer electrode as cathode are potentially higher specific capacities and lighter and more flexible cells, resulting from the light weight of the polymers.…”

“…A Ppy electrode was electrochemically polymerized and afterwards, a second potentiostatic step was applied in a monomer-free electrolyte. Scrosati and co-workers [23,24] tried different prototypes showing good cyclability and an appreciable theoretical energy density (300 Wh kg −1 versus graphite). The polymer was also electrochemically generated and electrodes were preactivated by cycling versus a lithium electrode before combining them into the cell structure.…”

“…At laboratory scale the electrochemical reduction process is easier and more accurate but from an industrial point of view the chemical reduction [26][27][28] is simpler, cheaper and therefore, more viable. Although a large number of studies have been done using electrochemically reduced conducting polymer electrodes [21][22][23][24], small attention has been paid to the chemical reduction of these polymers synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization.…”