Solid-Phase Partitioning and Leaching Behavior of Pb and Zn from Playground Soils in Kabwe, Zambia

Mufalo, Walubita; Tangviroon, Pawit; Igarashi, Toshifumi; Ito, Mayumi; Satō, Tsutomu; Chirwa, Meki; Nyambe, Imasiku; Nakata, Hokuto; Nakayama, Shouta M.M.; Ishizuka, Mayumi

doi:10.3390/toxics9100248

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Soils at 12 sites within 20 km of the mine recorded a maximum of 113,801 mg / kg and a mean of 22,693 mg / kg (Zingani et al, 2020) (Table 1). Other studies reported maximum values in the order of tens of thousands of mg / kg and average values in the order of thousands of mg / kg (Ikenaka et al, 2010;Nakayama et al, 2011;Nakata et al, 2016;Uchida et al, 2017;Kříbek et al, 2019;Mwilola et al, 2020), except for the study by Mufalo et al (2021), which analyzed playground soils. Soil samples were likely collected from various locations, including residential areas, roadsides, agricultural land, and in the proximity of mines; however, detailed information on the location attributes of the data reported for the Kabwe region was mostly not provided.…”

Section: Environmental Pollution Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extent of wind-induced diffusion in soil and mine waste is expected to depend on the particle size. Analysis of the particle size distribution of soil and Zn-leaching residue showed that 50% of the soil was less than 50 μm in diameter (Mufalo et al, 2021). The dumping site, which is the source of the Pb dispersion simulations, was covered with slag, and 6% of the slag was found to have a particle size smaller than 150 μm (Nakamura et al, 2021).…”

Section: Contamination Diffusion Pathways Meteorological Factor and P...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interdisciplinary approach to addressing lead pollution caused by mining activity in Kabwe, The Republic of Zambia

Nakata

Nakayama

Yabe

et al. 2022

EMCR

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Industrial development and economic growth have made human life more convenient. However, the accompanying environmental pollution is a serious problem. The same situation that developed countries have experienced in the past is now being repeated in developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa. Although lead has long been a useful metal in supporting human life, it is highly toxic to living organisms and affects various biological functions, including the kidneys and nervous system. Lead is one of the substances symbolizing the tradeoff between industrial and economic development and environmental pollution. Kabwe in the Republic of Zambia, a town that grew out of the discovery and development of lead-zinc deposits, is now known as one of the most lead-polluted areas in the world. While Kabwe is a classic example of the trade-off described above, it is distinct from other polluted areas in that it has been the site of diverse academic research. These include geological survey of the mine, the characterization of mine wastes, monitoring of environmental and animal samples, human health impact studies, understanding of lead dispersion pathways, and development of remediation technologies for contaminated environments. In environmental monitoring, several studies have reported lead concentrations in soil of up to tens of thousands of mg / kg, and lead concentrations in crops exceed international standards by up to 770 times. Extremely high concentrations of lead have also been detected in wildlife, livestock, and humans. Various toxicological studies have been conducted on humans in particular. These studies reveal the contamination status and its effects. However, the elucidation of the diffusion pathways and the development of environmental remediation methods using materials that can be procured locally at low cost pave the way to solving the problem. This review comprehensively outlines these studies in chronological order, as well as the efforts of the Zambian government and future perspectives. This report also provides some guidance on how to promote academic research and problem solving in other polluted areas.

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Section: Environmental Pollution Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Contamination Diffusion Pathways Meteorological Factor and P...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interdisciplinary approach to addressing lead pollution caused by mining activity in Kabwe, The Republic of Zambia

Nakata

Nakayama

Yabe

et al. 2022

EMCR

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“…The powerful toxic effect that lead has on living organisms [ 120 , 121 ] is the reason why it is present in all international documents relating to its contents in the muscle tissues of fish and mussels, which are often the subject of human consumption. The recorded high values of Pb in all the tested samples clearly showed the presence of pollution in the studied ecosystems during this period.…”

Section: Content Of Pb and Zn In The Muscle Tissue Of Common Carp ( ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Content of Pb and Zn in Sediments and Hydrobionts as Ecological Markers for Pollution Assessment of Freshwater Objects in Bulgaria—A Review

Valkova

Atanasov

Tzanova

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The purpose of this review is to describe the contents of Pb and Zn in sediments and hydrobionts as ecological markers for the pollution assessment of freshwater objects in Bulgaria, and the data are compared with other countries and regions. Symmetry was found regarding the levels of Zn in the sediment of the Ovcharitsa and Zhrebchevo dams, which were twice the MAC for arable land (Regulation № 3 of Bulgarian legislation). Symmetry was also observed between the results for Zn and Pb in the studied sediments, and the “favorites” in terms of content were the samples from Zhrebchevo Dam and, especially, from Ovcharitsa Dam. Asymmetry was established in the accumulation of Zn in the livers of carps inhabiting Topolnitsa Dam in comparison with these in Ovcharitsa Dam. A similar asymmetry was observed for lead. The analysis of the muscles and livers of the studied fish showed an asymmetry in the accumulation of zinc, and this process was more intense in the liver. Symmetry was found in the accumulation of Pb in the liver and muscle tissues of the carp from the studied water bodies.

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“…Zinc plant leach residues (ZPLRs), especially those that were produced using old technologies, are regarded as environmental nuisances and hazardous wastes due to their high amounts of leachable residual hazardous elements such as Pb, Zn, cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and arsenic (As) [7][8][9][10]. Lead, Cd, and As can cause various illnesses that affect the central nervous system, skin, lungs and kidneys, even in minute amounts, while Cu and Zn are essential micronutrients that are toxic at high concentrations [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dissolution of Pb and Zn under alkaline conditions is due to the formation of complexes with hydroxyl ions (OH − ) [21]. In weak to moderately strong alkaline solutions (i.e., pH [6][7][8][9][10][11][12], Pb and Zn dissolve as Pb(OH) 3 − with small amounts of Pb(OH) 4 2− and Zn(OH) 3 − with small amounts of Zn(OH) 4 2− , respectively. In a strong alkaline solution (i.e., pH > 12), the dominant species are Pb(OH) 4 2− for Pb and Zn(OH) 4 2− for Zn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkaline Leaching and Concurrent Cementation of Dissolved Pb and Zn from Zinc Plant Leach Residues

et al. 2022

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Zinc plant leach residues (ZPLRs), particularly those produced using old technologies, have both economic importance as secondary raw materials and have environmental impacts because they contain hazardous heavy metals that pose risks to human health and the environment. Therefore, the extraction and recovery of these metals from ZPLRs has both economic and environmental benefits. In this study, we investigated the removal of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) from ZPLRs by alkaline (NaOH) leaching and the concurrent cementation of dissolved Pb and Zn using aluminum (Al) metal powder. The effects of the leaching time, NaOH concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio (S/L), and dosage of Al metal powder on the extraction of Pb and Zn were investigated. Pb and Zn removal efficiencies increased with increasing NaOH concentrations and decreasing S/Ls. The Pb and Zn removal efficiencies were 62.2% and 27.1%, respectively, when 2.5 g/50 mL (S/L) of ZPLRs were leached in a 3 M NaOH solution for 30 min. The extraction of Pb and Zn could be attributed to the partitioning of these metals in relatively more mobile phases—water-soluble, exchangeable, and carbonate phases—in ZPLRs. Around 100% of dissolved Pb and less than 2% of dissolved Zn were cemented in leaching pulp when Al metal powder was added. Minerals in the solid residues, particularly iron oxides minerals, were found to suppress the cementation of extracted Zn in leaching pulp, and when they were removed by filtration, Zn was recovered by Al metal powder via cementation.

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Solid-Phase Partitioning and Leaching Behavior of Pb and Zn from Playground Soils in Kabwe, Zambia

Cited by 9 publications

References 40 publications

Interdisciplinary approach to addressing lead pollution caused by mining activity in Kabwe, The Republic of Zambia

Interdisciplinary approach to addressing lead pollution caused by mining activity in Kabwe, The Republic of Zambia

Content of Pb and Zn in Sediments and Hydrobionts as Ecological Markers for Pollution Assessment of Freshwater Objects in Bulgaria—A Review

Alkaline Leaching and Concurrent Cementation of Dissolved Pb and Zn from Zinc Plant Leach Residues

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