Solid-phase microextraction technique for sampling and preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review

Analytical chemistry, formation, mitigation, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: From food processing to in vivo metabolic transformation

“…Supercritical fluid extraction is able to extract PAHs selectively and efficiently from complex matrices under the supercritical condition; however, the final solvent evaporation step may cause loss or degradation of the analytes (Kayali‐Sayadi, Rubio‐Barroso, García‐Iranzo, & Polo‐Díez, 2000; Ali & Cole, 2001; Amezcua‐Allieri, Ávila‐Chávez, Trejo, & Meléndez‐Estrada, 2012). Other cutting‐edge techniques that consume lower amounts of solvent and reduce experimental steps have been reported, such as matrix‐solid phase dispersion (Pensado, Casais, Mejuto, & Cela, 2005; Olson, Meyer, & Portier, 2014), membrane‐assisted solvent extraction (Rodil, Schellin, & Popp, 2007), microwave‐assisted extraction (Germán‐Hernández, Pino, Anderson, & Afonso, 2012), ultrasound‐assisted solvent extraction (Veiga et al., 2014), ultrasound‐assisted emulsification‐microextraction (USAEME) (Yebra‐Pimentel, Martínez‐Carballo, Regueiro, & Simal‐Gándara, 2013), stir‐bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) (Kolahgar, Hoffmann, & Heiden, 2002), solid‐phase micro‐extraction (SPME) (King, Readman, & Zhou, 2004; Purcaro, Moret, & Conte, 2007; Purcaro, Morrison, Moret, Conte, & Marriott, 2007; Lin, Wei, Jiang, Zhu, & Ouyang, 2016; Jalili, Barkhordari, & Ghiasvand, 2020), magnetic solid‐phase extraction (MSPE) (Zhao et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2017), dispersive liquid–liquid micro‐extraction (DLLME) (Rezaee et al., 2006; Cai, Stevens, & Syage, 2012; Kamankesh, Mohammadi, Hosseini, & Modarres Tehrani, 2015), and the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, effective, and safe (QuEChERS) method (Ramalhosa, Paíga, Morais, Delerue‐Matos, & Oliveira, 2009; Smoker, Tran, & Smith, 2010; Gratz et al., 2011; Kao, Chen, Chen, Huang, & Chen, 2012; El Husseini, Makkouk, Rabaa, Al Omar, & Jaber, 2018; Wang, Cheng, Han, & Xie, 2020). SPME is a solvent‐free single‐step pretreatment method with low detection limits and good performance, which is a favorable pretreatment technique for PAH analysis.…”

Accurate and sensitive determination of hydroxychloroquine sulfate used on COVID-19 patients in human urine, serum and saliva samples by GC-MS

“…Thus, sample preparation methods are frequently developed prior to instrumental measurements to isolate and preconcentrate the analyte(s) from complex matrices. There are several methods for the extraction and preconcentration of compounds such as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [ 19 ], switchable-hydrophilicity solvent liquid-liquid microextraction (SHS-LLME) [ 20 ], hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) [ 21 ], solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME) [ 22 ], dispersive solid phase microextraction (DSPME) [ 23 ], solid phase microextraction (SPME) [ 24 ], single drop microextraction (SDME) [ 25 ], and spraying-based fine droplet formation–liquid phase microextraction (SFDF-LPME) [ 26 ] to increase the detection power of the instrument. In the SFDF-LPME method, the extraction solvent is dispersed into the standard/sample solution with the help of air pressure, without the dispersive solvent; therefore, organic solvent consumption is lowered [ 26 ].…”

6‐Phenylhexyl silane derivatized, sputtered silicon solid phase microextraction fiber for the parts‐per‐trillion detection of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water and baby formula

“…Thus, SPME, in tandem with GC or HPLC, is the preferred method for analysis of PAHs. Recently, Jalili et al, summarized the qualities, advantages, and disadvantages of commercial SPME coatings, and others reported in the scientific literature for the analysis of PAHs [25]. Specifically, there are reports on the use of commercial 7, 30, and 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated SPME fibers for the analysis of PAHs from environmental air and water samples [26,27].…”