“…Over the years, a number of sample preparation methods have been developed, such as liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) ( Hammad et al, 2021 ), solid-phase extraction (SPE) ( Fedotov et al, 2019 ), and dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) ( Khashaba et al, 2021 ; Salehpour et al, 2021 ) as well as microextraction techniques including dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) ( Rezaee et al, 2006 ; Zuloaga et al, 2015 ; Mansour and Khairy, 2017 ; Wu et al, 2019 ), solid-phase microextraction (SPME) ( Hawthorne et al, 1992 ; Duman et al, 2020 ; Jagirani and Soylak, 2020 ), and single-drop microextraction (SDME) ( Liu and Dasgupta, 1996 ; Choi et al, 2011 ; Delove Tegladza et al, 2020 ). DLLME is one of the most efficient methods for the separation and preconcentration of analytes due to its ease of operation and low cost ( Moslemzadeh et al, 2020 ).…”