Solid-Phase Extraction and Reverse-Phase HPLC: Application to Study the Urinary Excretion Pattern of Benzophenone-3 and its Metabolite 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone in Human Urine

Abstract

Background:Benzophenone-3 (BZ-3) is a common ultraviolet (UV) absorbing compound in sunscreens. It is the most bioavailable species of all UV-absorbing compounds after topical application and can be found in plasma and urine.Objectives:The aim of this study was to develop a reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determining the amounts BZ-3 and its metabolite 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB) in human urine. The method had to be suitable for handling a large number of samples. It also had to be rapid and simple, but still sensitive, accurate and reproducible. The assay was applied to study the urinary excretion pattern after repeated whole-body applications of a commercial sunscreen, containing 4% BZ-3, to 25 healthy volunteers.Methods:Each sample was analyzed with regard to both conjugated/non-conjugated BZ-3 and conjugated/non-conjugated DHB, since both BZ-3 and DHB are extensively conjugated in the body. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with C8 columns was followed by reverse-phase HPLC. For separation a Genesis C18 column was used with an acethonitrile-water mobile phase and the UV-detector was set at 287 nm.Results:The assay was linear r2 > 0.99, with detection limits for BZ-3 and DHB of 0.01 μmol L−1 and 0.16 μmol L−1 respectively. Relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 10% for BZ-3 and less than 13% for DHB. The excretion pattern varied among the human volunteers; we discerned different patterns among the individuals.Conclusions:The reverse-phase HPLC assay and extraction procedures developed are suitable for use when a large number of samples need to be analyzed and the method fulfilled our objectives. The differences in excretion pattern may be due to differences in enzyme activity but further studies, especially about genetic polymorphism, need to be performed to verify this finding.

Sensitive determination of salicylate and benzophenone type UV filters in water samples using solid-phase microextraction, derivatization and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

“…It is also present in raw [10] and treated domestic wastewater [11], and even in fatty tissues from river and lake fish [10]. Moreover, when applied on the skin, BP-3 is partially absorbed by the human body and excreted as more polar metabolites, such as 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1) and 2,2 -dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-8) [12,13]. BP-1 and BP-8 are also used as UV absorbers to protect goods against UV radiation [3].…”

Sunscreen ingredients in plasma: a threat for drug–drug interactions and toxicity among patients living with HIV?

“…This molecule is used as a sunscreen for skin protection for its ability to absorb and dissipate ultraviolet light [9]. The molecule is highly lipophilic, and is absorbed through human skin; consequently, bioaccumulation may occur in humans, and the compound has been detected in human urine and breast milk [10][11][12][13]. Benzophenone-3, is known to be metabolized by cytochrome P450 and by human liver microsomes.…”

In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity of Benzophenones and Xanthones from Edible Fruits of Garcinia Species

“…For example, after the consumption of a xanthone-rich G. mangostana rind product an increase in the blood serum levels of 15 was identified via LC-MS and remained elevated for 6 hours [35]. Other research has shown that the benzophenone 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone was orally bioavailable in rats and monkeys as part of preclinical cancer trials [36] and the common sunscreen component, benzophenone-3, is applied topically and its metabolite is detected in urine samples [37]. Based on these previous studies, the benzophenones 4, 5, and 6, as well as, xanthones 15, 16, and 17 are likely bioavailable.…”