Solid–liquid–solid growth mechanism of single-wall carbon nanotubes

Gorbunov, A.; Jost, Oliver; Pompe, W.; Graff, Andreas

doi:10.1016/s0008-6223(01)00080-x

Cited by 154 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Our observation results indicate that the tubulization mechanism is a solid-(quasiliquid)-solid mechanism where the carbon phase transformation is a kind of liquid phase graphitization of amorphous carbon catalyzed by liquefied metal-carbon alloy nanoparticles [18,19]. The low-temperature liquefaction of catalyst particles causes the principal difference compared to the synthesis of carbon nanofibers, which are usually catalyzed by solid …”

Section: P H Y S I C a L R E V I E W L E T T E R Smentioning

confidence: 84%

In situObservation of Carbon-Nanopillar Tubulization Caused by Liquidlike Iron Particles

et al. 2004

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Section: P H Y S I C a L R E V I E W L E T T E R Smentioning

confidence: 84%

In situObservation of Carbon-Nanopillar Tubulization Caused by Liquidlike Iron Particles

et al. 2004

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“…Nevertheless, Abrasonis et al found for a-C:Ni films an enhanced aromatic clustering independently from the Ni phase state 21 . The importance of metals acting as catalysts in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes [53][54][55] and other graphitic materials [56][57][58] is well known even if there is still discussion about the mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of doping (Ti, V, Zr, W) and annealing on the sp2 carbon structure of amorphous carbon films

Adelhelm

Balden

Rinke

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physics

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The influence of the transition metal (Ti, V, Zr, W) doping on the carbon matrix nanostructuring during the thin film growth and subsequent annealing is investigated. Pure and metal-doped amorphous carbon films (a-C, a-C:Me) were deposited at room temperature by non-reactive magnetron sputtering. The carbon structure of as-deposited and post-annealed (up to 1300 K) samples was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy.The existence of graphene-like regions in a-C is concluded from a (10) diffraction peak. A comparison of the XRD and Raman results suggests that XRD probes only the small amount of 2-3 nm large graphene-like regions, whereas the majority of the sp 2 phase is present in smaller distorted aromatic clusters which are probed only by Raman spectroscopy. Annealing leads to an increase of the graphene size and the aromatic cluster size. During the carbon film growth the addition of metals enhances ordering of sp 2 carbon in sixfold aromatic clusters compared to a-C, Ti and Zr showing the strongest effect, W the lowest. This order qualitatively corresponds with the catalytic activity of the respective carbides found during graphitization of carbide-doped graphites published in the literature. With annealing, carbide crystallite formation and growth occurs in a-C:Me films, which destroys the initial carbon structure, reduces the size of the initially formed aromatic clusters and the differences in carbon structure introduced by different dopants. For high annealing temperatures the carbon structure of a-C:Me films is similar to that of a-C, and is determined only by the annealing temperature.2

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“…However the cloud will have a distribution of temperatures and thus the catalyst particles solidify at different times i.e., solid particles are also present. It has been shown that the melting points of nanoparticles can be significantly lower than that of a bulk material (e.g., 300 K lower for Au 21 and 70 K for Sn 22 ) and carbon-metal eutectic points are generally lower than the melting points of pure metals. In addition, the molten catalyst particles that do solidify do so quickly and can do so at a lower temperature than the normal freezing temperature (recalescence).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Catalysts, Room Temperature, and the Importance of Oxygen for the Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

et al. 2005

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In this letter, we show for the first time the use of metal oxides as catalysts in the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) using laser ablation. Further, SWCNTs have been synthesized at low temperature (down to room temperature), where their nucleation cannot be explained via fullerene nucleation. The data point to a nucleation mechanism previously not identified, that places a stable oxidized ring as the root cause for the growth of SWCNTs.

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Solid–liquid–solid growth mechanism of single-wall carbon nanotubes

Cited by 154 publications

References 28 publications

In situObservation of Carbon-Nanopillar Tubulization Caused by Liquidlike Iron Particles

In situObservation of Carbon-Nanopillar Tubulization Caused by Liquidlike Iron Particles

Influence of doping (Ti, V, Zr, W) and annealing on the sp2 carbon structure of amorphous carbon films

Novel Catalysts, Room Temperature, and the Importance of Oxygen for the Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

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