Solid–Liquid Mixing

Atiemo‐Obeng, Victor A.; Penney, W. Roy; Armenante, Piero M.

doi:10.1002/0471451452.ch10

Cited by 63 publications

(62 citation statements)

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“…Shear mixing and ultrasonication processes are currently the common techniques that are widely used on particle/filler dispersion process [6, 7, 10, 11, 13-15, 27-30, 36-38]. In the shear mixing process, fluid shear force and impacts among clay-clay particles as well as impeller-clay particles owing to the agitation of impeller break up clay aggregates into fine particles [39]. The illustration of fluid flow in shear mixing can be seen in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This physical process can suspend and disperse clay particles to make a slurry. According to Atiemo-Obeng et al [39], there are six key points to achieve good wettability of solid-liquid mixing, which are operation methods, phases, properties of solid and liquid phases, unit operation, vessel geometry and mixing parameters. Shear mixing techniques have been employed to obtain homogenous clay dispersion or clay wettability [13,28,37] and good interfacial bonding between clay nanofillers and polymer matrices [40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of material formulation and manufacturing process on mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy/clay nanocomposites

Salam

Dong

Davies

et al. 2016

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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A holistic study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of three different pre-mixing processes, namely mechanical mixing, ultrasonication and centrifugation, on mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy/clay nanocomposites reinforced with different platelet-like montmorillonite (MMT) clays (Cloisite Na + , Cloisite 10A, Cloisite 15 or Cloisite 93A) at clay contents of 3-10 wt%. Furthermore, the effect of combined pre-mixing processes and material formulation on clay dispersion and corresponding material properties of resulting composites was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), flexural and Charpy impact tests, Rockwell hardness tests and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A high level of clay agglomeration and partially intercalated/exfoliated clay structures were observed regardless of clay type and content. Epoxy/clay nanocomposites demonstrate an overall noticeable improvement of up to 10 % in the glass transition temperature (T g ) compared to that of neat epoxy, which is interpreted by the inclusion of MMT clays acting as rigid fillers to restrict the chain mobility of epoxy matrices. The impact strength of epoxy/clay nanocomposites was also found to increase by up to 24 % with the addition of 3 wt% Cloisite Na + clays. However, their flexural strength and hardness diminished when compared to those of neat epoxy, arising from several effects including clay agglomeration, widely distributed microvoids and microcracks as well as weak interfacial bonding between clay particles and epoxy matrices, as confirmed from TEM and SEM results. Overall, it is suggested that an improved technique should be used for the combination of pre-mixing processes in order to achieve the optimal manufacturing condition of uniform clay dispersion and minimal void contents.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of material formulation and manufacturing process on mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy/clay nanocomposites

Salam

Dong

Davies

et al. 2016

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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“…A crude assumption, often used in practice takes the free terminal settling velocity of the particle as a representative of its mean slip velocity. 26,27 Although the values yielded by the described methodology are likely to be much more realistic, it is currently difficult to be certain about the accuracy of these estimations given that information on particle rotation and turbulent velocity fluctuations (including whether in or out of phase) of the two phases is still missing.…”

Section: Eulerian Mapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lagrangian tools for the analysis of mixing in single‐phase and multiphase flow systems

2011

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Mixing is intrinsically a Lagrangian process and, while Eulerian data are very important, Lagrangian information is necessary for its complete description. Lagrangian data can, in principle, be generated by using numerical simulations or experimental techniques based on Lagrangian tracking to provide the trajectories of fluid elements or particles. We present a set of theoretical and computational tools specifically developed for the analysis and validation of single-phase and multiphase Lagrangian flow data obtained from tracer trajectories in mechanically agitated vessels. The implementation and power of these tools are demonstrated by analyzing a wide range of measurements acquired using the technique of positron emission particle tracking during mixing of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids as well as mixing of concentrated solid-liquid suspensions. Finally, the accuracy of the raw Lagrangian data treatment developed here is illustrated by comparing with an Eulerian technique and showing very precise mass continuity for an agitated solid-liquid system.

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“…Since the cell free microcarriers did not settle, it was speculated that this phenomenon was associated with cell attachment to microcarriers and subsequent increase in particle density. The minimum agitation speed, Njs, needed to maintain microcarriers in suspension, was calculated according to Zwietering equation (Ibrahim and Nienow, 2004), using a value of S (Zwietering constant) of 4.8 (Atiemo-Obeng et al, 2004). Njs was calculated at 43.6 rpm, a value inline with our experimental data that 50 rpm was enough to fully suspend the empty microcarriers.…”

Section: The Effect Of Agitation Rate On Cell Growth In Submentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of cell culture (MDCK) derived live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in a fully disposable platform process

George

Farooq

Dang

et al. 2010

Biotech & Bioengineering

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The majority of influenza vaccines are manufactured using embryonated hens' eggs. The potential occurrence of a pandemic outbreak of avian influenza might reduce or even eliminate the supply of eggs, leaving the human population at risk. Also, the egg-based production technology is intrinsically cumbersome and not easily scalable to provide a rapid worldwide supply of vaccine. In this communication, the production of a cell culture (Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)) derived live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in a fully disposable platform process using a novel Single Use Bioreactor (SUB) is presented. The cell culture and virus infection was maintained in a disposable stirred tank reactor with PID control of pH, DO, agitation, and temperature, similar to traditional glass or stainless steel bioreactors. The application of this technology was tested using MDCK cells grown on microcarriers in proprietary serum free medium and infection with 2006/2007 seasonal LAIV strains at 25-30 L scale. The MDCK cell growth was optimal at the agitation rate of 100 rpm. Optimization of this parameter allowed the cells to grow at a rate similar to that achieved in the conventional 3 L glass stirred tank bioreactors. Influenza vaccine virus strains, A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1 strain), A/Wisconsin/67/05 (H3N2 strain), and B/Malaysia/2506/04 (B strain) were all successfully produced in SUB with peak virus titers > or =8.6 log(10) FFU/mL. This result demonstrated that more than 1 million doses of vaccine can be produced through one single run of a small bioreactor at the scale of 30 L and thus provided an alternative to the current vaccine production platform with fast turn-around and low upfront facility investment, features that are particularly useful for emerging and developing countries and clinical trial material production.

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Solid–Liquid Mixing

Cited by 63 publications

References 0 publications

The effects of material formulation and manufacturing process on mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy/clay nanocomposites

The effects of material formulation and manufacturing process on mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy/clay nanocomposites

Lagrangian tools for the analysis of mixing in single‐phase and multiphase flow systems

Production of cell culture (MDCK) derived live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in a fully disposable platform process

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