Solid–Liquid Extraction in Biorefinery

Industry-Friendly Hydroethanolic Extraction Protocols for Grateloupia turuturu UV-Shielding and Antioxidant Compounds

“…The first optimization addressed the effect of LSR, time, and ethanol percentage on the extraction of antioxidant and UV-absorbing molecules (Figures 1-5). Typically, LSR affects an extraction quadratically, having an optimal value, which decreases bilaterally [8,36]. Concerning time, it is usual to observe a steep increase in yield and other parameters of the extraction initially, approaching a plateau as time increases further, or a peak followed by decrease, in the case of sensitive bioactivities or low-solubility compounds abundance [36].…”

“…Although more recent and effective methods have been developed (the novel extraction methodologies, characterized by more technological approaches resulting in better performance and lower environmental impact), the utilization of solid-liquid extraction (SLE) is still one of the best solutions for the production of extracts with the intent of industrialization, given the low technical and facility requirements for its up-scale implementation. However, SLE can be fine-tuned to perform better (be more efficient, selective, eco-friendly, and profitable) by optimizing several operational parameters: physicochemical properties of the raw material, the selected solvents/respective concentrations, pH, temperature, extraction time, and others [8]. A balance between the time of extraction and the temperature is extremely important to avoid thermal degradation.…”

Bridging Scales in Bioenergy and Catalysis: A Review of Mesoscale Modeling Applications, Methods, and Future Directions

“…The term has also come to encompass the production of intermediates and chemical coproducts that enhance the value proposition of fuel production or provide an alternative route to a chemical product at reduced energy consumption or environmental detriment. Central to such processes are heat and mass transport within liquid/solid and gas/liquid/solid systems, and the complexities of these processes have attracted extensive investigation. − The presence of multiple condensed phases introduces additional challenges for multiscale modeling and engineering optimization. Solvents offer some inherent advantages for biomass processing, , serving as viscosity reducers for biorefinery intermediates and reaction transfer media for intermixed biomass and catalyst phases − or transition state stabilizers, among other functions.…”

“…The removal and catalytic upgrading of lignin and carbohydrate fractions from native biomass has received significant attention in the last two decades. − Numerous approaches have been evaluated for lignin extraction, including organosolv, alkaline, and ionic liquid pretreatments, although primarily to improve the accessibility of intact carbohydrates for enzymatic treatments . Others have employed protecting group chemistries , or short-contact-time flow strategies , to preserve native-like lignin structures for fractionation and subsequent catalytic upgrading.…”