Solid–Liquid Composites for Soft Multifunctional Materials

Style, Robert W.; Tutika, Ravi; Kim, Jin Young; Bartlett, Michael D.

doi:10.1002/adfm.202005804

Cited by 87 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 245 publications

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“…Thus, similarly, as it has been demonstrated for liquid-infused porous structures with electrochemical actuation 85 and wetting changes, 86 as well as versatile multifunctional material behavior in general, 87 our study indicates that liquid crystal-infused nanoporous solids allow for quite simple fabrication of electro-active functional nanomaterials. The functionalization approach by capillarity-driven spontaneous imbibition of the liquid-crystalline melt in combination with tailorability of anodic aluminum oxide 41,88–90 and the availability of other self-organized, optically transparent mesoporous media 10,66,91,92 demonstrate also the versatile character of the presented material fabrication process.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Dynamic Kerr and Pockels electro-optics of liquid crystals in nanopores for active photonic metamaterials

et al. 2021

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Dynamic Kerr and Pockels electro-optics of liquid crystals in nanopores for active photonic metamaterials

et al. 2021

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“…Elastomer composites with embedded droplets of galliumbased liquid metal (LM) have demonstrated great potential as a soft, multifunctional composite that can be engineered to exhibit a wide range of functional properties. [1][2][3] Eutectic mixture can also be increased through vigorous or extended mixing that results in excessive gallium oxide formation that is mixed into the LM. [50,51] Hybrid mixtures of LM with solid particles can be dispersed in an elastomer matrix to create multiphase LM embedded composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightweight, Thermally Conductive Liquid Metal Elastomer Composite with Independently Controllable Thermal Conductivity and Density

Krings

Zhang

Sarin

et al. 2021

Small

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gallium-based LM alloys such as EGaIn (eutectic gallium-indium) or galinstan (eutectic gallium-indium-tin) are typically selected as the liquid filler due to the combination of high electrical and thermal conductivity, low viscosity, and nontoxic characteristics. [4][5][6][7] By dispersing LM inclusions into elastomers, functional properties-including thermal conductivity, [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] dielectric constant, [16][17][18][19][20][21] and electrical conductivity, [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] -can be improved with negligible changes in stiffness and extensibility of the host elastomer, even at high loading. LM embedded composites exhibit a unique combination of functional properties, low stiffness, and high strain limit that overcomes fundamental limitations of soft and deformable materials and offers great promise for emerging applications in soft robotics and wearable computing that require highly functional and elastically deformable materials. Despite the improved properties, both the density of Ga-based LMs (EGaIn: 6.25 g cm −3 ; galinstan: 6.44 g cm −3 ) and typically high loading (⩾85 wt%, or ⩾50 vol%) required to achieve the desired functional properties contribute to the high density of LM embedded composites, which can be problematic for largearea and weight-sensitive applications.Recently, researchers have shown that the properties of Gabased LMs can be enhanced through the addition of solid particles. Several LM mixtures have been studied to improve the thermo-mechanical properties [10,11,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] , rheology and consistency, [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] and density [58,59] of LM. This has resulted in LM mixtures with high thermal conductivity >100 W m −1 K −1 , a fourfold increase as compared to pure LM, [43,44] LM pastes that can be easily spread on a surface, [40] and LM mixtures that can float on water. [59] However, LM mixtures that include metallic particles with fcc crystal structures, such as copper (Cu), silver (Ag), iron (Fe with fcc crystal structure), and nickel (Ni), tend to spontaneously react with LM and form intermetallics that solidify at low loading. [10] For LM mixtures with particles that do not form intermetallic species, the rheology and consistency of the mixtures are controlled by the fraction of solid particles that are added to the mixture, resulting in a transition from a liquid to paste-like rheology (⩽50% by volume) or liquid to powder at higher volume loading (>50%). [40,44,52,53,59] The viscosity of the Lightweight and elastically deformable soft materials that are thermally conductive are critical for emerging applications in wearable computing, soft robotics, and thermoregulatory garments. To overcome the fundamental heat transport limitations in soft materials, room temperature liquid metal (LM) has been dispersed in elastomer that results in soft and deformable materials with unprecedented thermal conductivity. However, the high density of LMs (>6 g cm −3 ) and the typical...

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“…Recon gurable materials with multi-functionality and reversibility 1,2 are crucial for the development of sensors 3 , actuators 4,5 , wearable devices 6,7 , and soft robotics [8][9][10] . A number of such materials with speci c functionality or responsiveness were obtained via the hybridization of polymer matrices with inorganic inclusions such as nano-sized carbons [11][12][13] , metals 14,15 , metal oxides 16 , and others [17][18][19] .…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Reconfigurable Perovskite/Polymer Composite Film for Real-Time Detection of Agricultural Spraying

Zhang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Responsive composites that can display sophisticated responses under environmental stimuli are of paramount importance for developing smart materials and systems. However, the hierarchical design of their multiscale constituents to achieve such response remains a challenge. Here, we report a responsive polymer composite obtained by integrating hierarchical interactions between the polymer network meshes, perovskite nanoinclusion, and a microstructured layout. More specific, a layered composite film has been made with perovskite nanoparticles embedded in a hydratable polymer network as the top layer. The perovskites inclusions can undergo a reversible transformation between a nanocrystalline state and a dissociated ion state, triggered by spraying aqueous solutions on the polymer top layer, resulting in an on/off switch of fluorescence at 510 nm. Meanwhile, the surface layer experiences a reconfigurable micro-wrinkling that can gradually change the film transmittance between 90% and 10%. The two orthogonal responses show a good reversibility for at least 15 cycles. They can be manipulated independently as they respond differently to the amount of water applied. We demonstrate the use of such film by real-time, quantitative, and repeatable detection of spraying and subsequent droplet distribution. Such a sensing capability is urgently needed in precision agriculture for fast assessing the deposition quality of pesticides and fertilizers, yet still not available. Our findings enable the design of perovskite-based responsive composites with multiple functions as well as novel device applications in sensors, actuators, and optoelectronics.

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Solid–Liquid Composites for Soft Multifunctional Materials

Cited by 87 publications

References 245 publications

Dynamic Kerr and Pockels electro-optics of liquid crystals in nanopores for active photonic metamaterials

Dynamic Kerr and Pockels electro-optics of liquid crystals in nanopores for active photonic metamaterials

Lightweight, Thermally Conductive Liquid Metal Elastomer Composite with Independently Controllable Thermal Conductivity and Density

A Reconfigurable Perovskite/Polymer Composite Film for Real-Time Detection of Agricultural Spraying

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