Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Review of the Current Research on Encapsulation and Delivery Systems for Active and Antioxidant Compounds

Abstract

Various active compounds are easily damaged, so they need protection and must be easily absorbed and targeted. This problem can be overcome by encapsulating in the form of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Initially, SLNs were widely used to encapsulate hydrophobic (non-polar) active compounds because of their matched affinity and interactions. Currently, SLNs are being widely used for the encapsulation of hydrophilic (polar) and semipolar active compounds, but there are challenges, including increasing their entrapment efficiency. This review provides information on current research on SLNs for encapsulation and delivery systems for active and antioxidant compounds, which includes various synthesis methods and applications of SLNs in various fields of utilization. SLNs can be developed starting from the selection of solid lipid matrices, emulsifiers/surfactants, types of active compounds or antioxidants, synthesis methods, and their applications or utilization. The type of lipid used determines crystal formation, control of active compound release, and encapsulation efficiency. Various methods can be used in the SLN fabrication of active compounds and hydrophilic/hydrophobic antioxidants, which have advantages and disadvantages. Fabrication design, which includes the selection of lipid matrices, surfactants, and fabrication methods, determines the characteristics of SLNs. High-shear homogenization combined with ultrasonication is the recommended method and has been widely used because of the ease of preparation and good results. Appropriate fabrication design can produce SLNs with stable active compounds and antioxidants that become suitable encapsulation systems for various applications or uses.

Functional electrospun nanofibers: fabrication, properties, and applications in wound-healing process

“…Common natural polyphenols such as tea polyphenols, resveratrol, ferulic acid, 128,129 curcumin, 88,130 and anthocyanins, as well as some avonoids, have been loaded into electrostatically spun nanobers to play an antioxidant role in promoting wound healing. 131,132 Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a nonionic, water-soluble, high-molecular-weight compound formed by the polymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone monomers. It exhibits excellent physiological inertness; does not participate in human metabolism; and demonstrates remarkable biocompatibility and not irritating to the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes.…”

“…Common natural polyphenols such as tea polyphenols, resveratrol, ferulic acid, 128,129 curcumin, 88,130 and anthocyanins, as well as some flavonoids, have been loaded into electrostatically spun nanofibers to play an antioxidant role in promoting wound healing. 131,132…”

“…Additionally, a localized drug delivery system is required to inhibit multidrug resistance and mitigate more severe toxicity. 157 Nanofibers encapsulating drugs present an optimal carrier for the delivery of dual drugs, 52,131,155 without the occurrence of uncontrolled release. Furthermore, they surpass the limitations of traditional drug–polymer combinations by allowing for the placement of multiple drugs within one or two layers possessing distinct polymer, chemical and physical characteristics, thereby achieving the desired release behavior.…”

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

“…Because of the advantages of synthetic nanocarriers regarding easier customization of size, surface properties, charge, and morphology, we will focus on synthetic nanocarriers. Various types of synthetic nanocarriers have been developed to deliver natural antioxidants: (1) nanoliposomes, which are a nanoscale bilayer lipid vesicle [ 132 ]; (2) nanocapsules, which consist of an inner aqueous core surrounded by a nontoxic polymeric membrane [ 133 ]; (3) solid lipid nanoparticles, which consist of a solid lipid core stabilized by a surfactant [ 134 ]; and (4) nanocrystals, which are a cluster of hundreds to thousands atoms aggregated together [ 135 ]. The potential of natural antioxidant nanodelivery systems for treating age-related metabolic disorders has been proved in both in vivo and in vitro studies.…”

Essential Oils in Cervical Cancer: Narrative Review on Current Insights and Future Prospects

“…The poor stability and bioavailability of EOs can be improved by encapsulating them in the form of solid lipid NPs (SLNs) [128]. This technique is based on building nanostructures in which EOs are attached to or enclosed within submicron-sized capsules or NPs that enhance their bioavailability and improve targeted delivery to cancer cells [127].…”