Solid Green Biodiesel Catalysts Derived from Coal Fly Ash

Stanković, Miroslav; Pavlović, Stefan; Marinković, Dalibor; Tišma, Marina; Gabrovska, Margarita; Nikolova, D.

doi:10.5772/intechopen.91703

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…Beside several issues, such as the “food versus fuel” feedstock dilemma and the use toxic and environmentally unfriendly catalysts causing soap generation, wastewater accumulation and equipment corrosion (acid catalyst), another problem is related to the low efficiency of the commonly used modern bioreactor systems [ 4 ]. Based on the zero waste concept, many studies are focused on the investigation of different waste-based catalytic systems [ 5 , 6 , 7 ] and waste feedstocks [ 8 , 9 ] for sustainable biodiesel production. A special contribution is pointed out in the development of continuous reactor systems for heterogeneously catalyzed reactions, either by acidic, basic or enzymatic catalysts [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transesterification of Sunflower Oil over Waste Chicken Eggshell-Based Catalyst in a Microreactor: An Optimization Study

et al. 2021

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The statistical experimental design (DoE) and optimization (Response Surface Methodology combined with Box–Behnken design) of sunflower oil transesterification catalyzed by waste chicken eggshell-based catalyst were conducted in a custom-made microreactor at 60 °C. The catalyst was synthesized by the hydration–dehydration method and subsequent calcination at 600 °C. Comprehensive characterization of the obtained catalyst was conducted using: X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 physisorption, and Hg-porosimetry. Structural, morphological, and textural results showed that the obtained catalyst exhibited high porosity and regular dispersity of plate-like CaO as an active species. The obtained optimal residence time, catalyst concentration, and methanol/oil volume ratio for the continuous reaction in microreactor were 10 min, 0.1 g g−1, and 3:1, respectively. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the obtained reduced quadratic model was adequate for experimental results fitting. The reaction in the microreactor was significantly intensified compared to a conventional batch reactor, as seen through the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content after 10 min, which was 51.2% and 18.6%, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transesterification of Sunflower Oil over Waste Chicken Eggshell-Based Catalyst in a Microreactor: An Optimization Study

et al. 2021

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“…The catalyst was stable even after five reaction cycles with a negligible drop in catalytic activity. In the case when feedstock for biodiesel production contains some waste oils with high free fatty acid content, calcium oxide-supported catalysts represent satisfactory solution due to a suitable interaction between calcium oxide, as active component and the support (Stanković et al, 2020 ). Particularly, the role of support becomes more dominant when it exhibits an acidic character due to the presence of acid sites.…”

Section: Eggshell In Catalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-Art of Eggshell Waste in Materials Science: Recent Advances in Catalysis, Pharmaceutical Applications, and Mechanochemistry

Baláž

Болдырева

Rybin

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Eggshell waste is among the most abundant waste materials coming from food processing technologies. Despite the unique properties that both its components (eggshell, ES, and eggshell membrane, ESM) possess, it is very often discarded without further use. This review article aims to summarize the recent reports utilizing eggshell waste for very diverse purposes, stressing the need to use a mechanochemical approach to broaden its applications. The most studied field with regards to the potential use of eggshell waste is catalysis. Upon proper treatment, it can be used for turning waste oils into biodiesel and moreover, the catalytic effect of eggshell-based material in organic synthesis is also very beneficial. In inorganic chemistry, the eggshell membrane is very often used as a templating agent for nanoparticles production. Such composites are suitable for application in photocatalysis. These bionanocomposites are also capable of heavy metal ions reduction and can be also used for the ozonation process. The eggshell and its membrane are applicable in electrochemistry as well. Due to the high protein content and the presence of functional groups on the surface, ESM can be easily converted to a high-performance electrode material. Finally, both ES and ESM are suitable for medical applications, as the former can be used as an inexpensive Ca2+ source for the development of medications, particles for drug delivery, organic matrix/mineral nanocomposites as potential tissue scaffolds, food supplements and the latter for the treatment of joint diseases, in reparative medicine and vascular graft producing. For the majority of the above-mentioned applications, the pretreatment of the eggshell waste is necessary. Among other options, the mechanochemical pretreatment has found an inevitable place. Since the publication of the last review paper devoted to the mechanochemical treatment of eggshell waste, a few new works have appeared, which are reviewed here to underline the sustainable character of the proposed methodology. The mechanochemical treatment of eggshell is capable of producing the nanoscale material which can be further used for bioceramics synthesis, dehalogenation processes, wastewater treatment, preparation of hydrophobic filters, lithium-ion batteries, dental materials, and in the building industry as cement.

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Recent advances in waste-based and natural zeolitic catalytic materials for biodiesel production

Marinković

Pavlović

2023

Hem Ind

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Considering the current world crisis and definite future energy challenges, biomass-to-fuel transformation is increasingly becoming important both to the policy makers and to the industry. In this perspective, the valorisation of oils and fats via transesterification/esterification reaction is an attractive method for producing biodiesel with qualities suitable for diesel engines. The recent interest indicated a significant shift to industrial waste valorisation as another approach for achieving process eco-efficiency. In this respect, the use of zeolite-based catalysts for the production of biofuels is reviewed here, with a special emphasis on the utilization of waste raw materials following the principles of green chemistry and sustainable development. Zeolites are interesting due to their outstanding catalytic properties, including the presence of intrinsic acid sites, simple loading of base sites, shape-selectivity, and high thermal stability. Neat zeolites or modified by the loading of active species are classified into several groups following their origin. For each group, the most relevant recent results reported in the literature are reviewed together with some critical considerations on the catalyst effectiveness, stability, reusability, and economy of synthesis. As an important part required for understanding and optimization of the biodiesel production process, the mechanisms of the reaction were discussed in detail. Finally, key perspective directions for further research studies were carefully identified and elaborated.

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Solid Green Biodiesel Catalysts Derived from Coal Fly Ash

Cited by 3 publications

References 119 publications

Transesterification of Sunflower Oil over Waste Chicken Eggshell-Based Catalyst in a Microreactor: An Optimization Study

Transesterification of Sunflower Oil over Waste Chicken Eggshell-Based Catalyst in a Microreactor: An Optimization Study

State-of-the-Art of Eggshell Waste in Materials Science: Recent Advances in Catalysis, Pharmaceutical Applications, and Mechanochemistry

Recent advances in waste-based and natural zeolitic catalytic materials for biodiesel production

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