Solid fuel production from macadamia nut shell: effect of hydrothermal carbonization conditions on fuel characteristics

The Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Hydrochars Obtained by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Waste Camellia oleifera Shells

“…The VM was measured according to ASTM D3175. 11 Thereafter, the ash content (dry basis) was obtained at 750 °C for 4 h in an oxygen environment. The FC was calculated on the basis of eq 2 .…”

“…The ultimate analysis (C, H, N, and S) was determined with an elemental analyzer (Vario EL III, Germany), and the oxygen content was calculated by difference on the basis of eq . The VM was measured according to ASTM D3175 . Thereafter, the ash content (dry basis) was obtained at 750 °C for 4 h in an oxygen environment.…”

“…Keiller et al 20 produced and analyzed hydrochars of Australian saltbush, and the results indicated that the hydrochars possessed numerous similarities to fossil coal, such as higher heating values (HHVs), ratios of C/O and H/C, contents of the volatile matter (VM), fixed carbon (FC), and ash. Samaksaman et al 11 investigated the fuel characteristics of the hydrochars from macadamia nut shells and found that the HHV of the solid product ranged from 22 to 27 MJ/kg. The results indicated that the macadamia nut shell hydrochars can be used as solid fuel.…”

“…HTC is a thermochemical conversion technique that can produce renewable solid biofuel via all types of wastes, such as kitchen wastes, animal droppings, agricultural and forestry wastes, and sludge. , The operation of HTC is that raw materials are subjected to water at 150–300 °C of temperatures, , a residence time from 15 min to 10 h, , and a solid loading of 7–25% . HTC possesses many advantages (high conversion, efficiency, simplicity, without pre-drying, etc.)…”

Chất thải rắn từ quá trình khí hóa vỏ mắc-ca: Tiềm năng sử dụng làm vật liệu hấp phụ

“…Do lượng phụ phẩn trong sản xuất hạt mắc-ca là rất lớn nếu không được xử lý đúng cách sẽ gây ô nhiễm môi trường, vì vậy yêu cầu cần có một phương pháp thích hợp để xử lý vỏ hạt mắc-ca. Một vài nghiên cứu đã chỉ ra một số phương pháp để xử dụng vỏ mắc-ca như làm phân bón [6], sản xuất nhiên liệu rắn [7], sản xuất than hoạt tính [8]. Một giải pháp tiềm năng chuyển đổi vỏ hạt mắc-ca thành than sinh học bằng phương pháp khí hóa.…”