“…However, this approach is not entirely representative of the actual structure as it does not consider the IMC, which prevents the relative displacement difference at the solder-PCB and -chip contacts. Some studies [27,28] have attempted to model IMC in failure simulations, but they only use elastic properties, which cannot yield sufficiently accurate results. To account for the IMC, a clear understanding of its inelastic properties is necessary, but this information is difficult to find in the literature and may require additional experimentation.…”