Solar radiation in the Baltic Sea

Dera, Jerzy; Wozniak, B.

doi:10.5697/oc.52-4.533

“…Understanding the sources and magnitude of variability in light absorption in lakes and reservoirs is fundamentally important to studies concerned with photochemistry [ Moran and Zepp , ; Bertilsson and Tranvik , ], photosynthesis [ Blache et al ., ], primary production [ Tilstone et al ., ; Lee et al ., ], heat and energy transfers [ Jolliff et al ., ; Dera and Wozniak , ], and biogeochemical models [ Ciavatta et al ., ]. The absorption and scattering of light (termed inherent optical properties, IOPs) are also key processes influencing the magnitude and spectral distribution of the water‐leaving reflectance signal measured by Earth‐observing satellites [ Mobley , ; Kirk , ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial variability of absorption coefficients over a biogeochemical gradient in a large and optically complex shallow lake

Riddick

¹

,

Hunter

²

,

Tyler

³

et al. 2015

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In order to improve robustness of remote sensing algorithms for lakes, it is vital to understand the variability of inherent optical properties (IOPs) and their mass‐specific representations (SIOPs). In this study, absorption coefficients for particulate and dissolved constituents were measured at 38 stations distributed over a biogeochemical gradient in Lake Balaton, Hungary. There was a large range of phytoplankton absorption (aph(λ)) over blue and red wavelengths (aph(440) = 0.11–4.39 m−1, aph(675) = 0.048–2.52 m−1), while there was less variability in chlorophyll‐specific phytoplankton absorption (a*ph(λ)) in the lake (a*ph(440) = 0.022 ± 0.0046 m2 mg−1, a*ph(675) = 0.010 ± 0.0020 m2 mg−1) and adjoining wetland system, Kis‐Balaton (a*ph(440) = 0.017 ± 0.0015 m2 mg−1, a*ph(675) = 0.0088 ± 0.0017 m2 mg−1). However, in the UV, a*ph(350) significantly increased with increasing distance from the main inflow (Zala River). This was likely due to variable production of photoprotective pigments (e.g., MAAs) in response to the decreasing gradient of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The slope of CDOM absorption (SCDOM) also increased from west to east due to larger terrestrial CDOM input in the western basins. Absorption by nonalgal particles (aNAP(λ)) was highly influenced by inorganic particulates, as a result of the largely mineral sediments in Balaton. The relative contributions to the absorption budget varied more widely than oceans with a greater contribution from NAP (up to 30%), and wind speed affected the proportion attributed to NAP, phytoplankton, or CDOM. Ultimately, these data provide knowledge of the heterogeneity of (S)IOPs in Lake Balaton, suggesting the full range of variability must be considered for future improvement of analytical algorithms for constituent retrieval in inland waters.

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“…The inflow of solar radiation to the Baltic and its variability have been studied, modelled and described by Czyszek et al (1979), Krężel (1982Krężel ( , 1985Krężel ( , 1997, Dera et al (1984), Rozwadowska (1991Rozwadowska ( , 1992Rozwadowska ( , 1994Rozwadowska ( , 1996, Dera (1995), Rozwadowska & Isemer (1998), Isemer & Rozwadowska Woźniak et al 2008) and most recently in the SatBałtyk 3 programmes. Underwater visibility in the Baltic (Olszewski 1973, Sagan 2008 and the interaction between light and oil slicks on the sea surface have also been the subject of study (Otremba & Piskozub 2001, Otremba & Król 2002, Otremba 2004.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeochemical alteration of the benthic environment by the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas)

Zaiko¹,

Paškauskas²,

Krevš³

2010

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The influx of solar radiation to the Baltic Sea and its penetration into its waters is described on the basis of selected results of optical and bio-optical studies in the Baltic published by various authors during the past ca 50 years. The variability in the natural irradiance of this sea is illustrated on time scales from short-term fluctuations occurring during a single day to differences in mean monthly values over a period of many years. Data on variability of the proportions between UV, * The paper was invited by the Chairman of the Polish National SCOR. The work was carried out within the framework of IO PAS's statutory research and also as part of the Satellite Monitoring of the Baltic Sea Environment project -SatBałtyk, co-founded by the European Union through European Regional Development Fund contract No. POIG 01.01.02-22-011/09.The complete text of the paper is available at http://www.iopan.gda.pl/oceanologia/ 534 J. Dera, B. Woźniak VIS and IR energy in the light reaching the sea surface are also discussed. Longterm monthly mean values of the incident solar radiation flux at the surface of the Baltic Proper are given; they were obtained from meteorological and solar radiation measurements and model approximations. The transmittances of these mean monthly radiation fluxes across the surface of the Baltic are given, as are the typical energy and spectral characteristics of the underwater irradiance, its attenuation with depth in the sea and the associated euphotic zone depths, as well as typical ranges of variability of these characteristics in different Baltic basins. Some of these characteristics are illustrated by typical empirical data. These mean values are not fully representative, however, because with the sole use of classical in situ measurement methods from on board research vessels in the Baltic, it has not been possible to gather a sufficiently representative set of empirical data that would adequately reflect the variability of the optical characteristics of all the basins of this sea. The article goes on to introduce the statistical model of vertical distributions of chlorophyll a concentration in the Baltic and the bio-optical model of Baltic Case 2 waters, the use of which contribute very significantly to this description of the optical characteristics and will enable this data set to be hugely expanded to include all the Baltic basins. This opportunity is presented by the optical parameterization of Baltic Case 2 waters, i.e. by the mathematical formulas of the model linking the coefficient of attenuation of downward irradiance with the surface chlorophyll a concentration, as well as the method developed for the efficient and systematic satellite remote sensing of the chlorophyll a concentration over the entire Baltic Sea area.

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“…The inflow of solar radiation to the Baltic and its variability have been studied, modelled and described by Czyszek et al (1979), Krężel (1982Krężel ( , 1985Krężel ( , 1997, Dera et al (1984), Rozwadowska (1991Rozwadowska ( , 1992Rozwadowska ( , 1994Rozwadowska ( , 1996, Dera (1995), Rozwadowska & Isemer (1998), Isemer & Rozwadowska Solar radiation in the Baltic Sea 535 (1999), Berger (2002), Woźniak et al (2003) and Krężel et al (2008). The components of the radiation budgt have also been investigated (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mean values and standard deviations of the downward irradiance attenuation coefficient in the southern Baltic for each month in the year (columns 2-13) and for the whole year (column 14)(according to data collected in 1972-1984 after Woźniak & Hapter 1985) …”

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confidence: 99%

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Particulate organic carbon in the southern Baltic Sea: numerical simulations and experimental data

Dzierzbicka-Głowacka¹,

Kuliński²,

Maciejewska³

et al. 2010

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The influx of solar radiation to the Baltic Sea and its penetration into its waters is described on the basis of selected results of optical and bio-optical studies in the Baltic published by various authors during the past ca 50 years. The variability in the natural irradiance of this sea is illustrated on time scales from short-term fluctuations occurring during a single day to differences in mean monthly values over a period of many years. Data on variability of the proportions between UV, * The paper was invited by the Chairman of the Polish National SCOR. The work was carried out within the framework of IO PAS's statutory research and also as part of the Satellite Monitoring of the Baltic Sea Environment project -SatBałtyk, co-founded by the European Union through European Regional Development Fund contract No. POIG 01.01.02-22-011/09.The complete text of the paper is available at http://www.iopan.gda.pl/oceanologia/ 534 J. Dera, B. Woźniak VIS and IR energy in the light reaching the sea surface are also discussed. Longterm monthly mean values of the incident solar radiation flux at the surface of the Baltic Proper are given; they were obtained from meteorological and solar radiation measurements and model approximations. The transmittances of these mean monthly radiation fluxes across the surface of the Baltic are given, as are the typical energy and spectral characteristics of the underwater irradiance, its attenuation with depth in the sea and the associated euphotic zone depths, as well as typical ranges of variability of these characteristics in different Baltic basins. Some of these characteristics are illustrated by typical empirical data. These mean values are not fully representative, however, because with the sole use of classical in situ measurement methods from on board research vessels in the Baltic, it has not been possible to gather a sufficiently representative set of empirical data that would adequately reflect the variability of the optical characteristics of all the basins of this sea. The article goes on to introduce the statistical model of vertical distributions of chlorophyll a concentration in the Baltic and the bio-optical model of Baltic Case 2 waters, the use of which contribute very significantly to this description of the optical characteristics and will enable this data set to be hugely expanded to include all the Baltic basins. This opportunity is presented by the optical parameterization of Baltic Case 2 waters, i.e. by the mathematical formulas of the model linking the coefficient of attenuation of downward irradiance with the surface chlorophyll a concentration, as well as the method developed for the efficient and systematic satellite remote sensing of the chlorophyll a concentration over the entire Baltic Sea area.

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Solar radiation in the Baltic Sea

Cited by 35 publications

References 41 publications

Spatial variability of absorption coefficients over a biogeochemical gradient in a large and optically complex shallow lake

Spatial variability of absorption coefficients over a biogeochemical gradient in a large and optically complex shallow lake

Biogeochemical alteration of the benthic environment by the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas)

Particulate organic carbon in the southern Baltic Sea: numerical simulations and experimental data

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