Solar modulation of the spectra of protons and helium nuclei in the PAMELA experiment

Maiorov, A. G.; Adriani, O.; Barbarino, G. C.; Bazilevskaia, G. A.; Bellotti, R.; Boezio, M.; Bogomolov, É. A.; Bonechi, L.; Bongi, M.; Bonvicini, V.; Борисов, С. В.; Bottai, S.; Bruno, A.; Cafagna, F.; Campana, D.; Carbone, R.; Carlson, P.; Casolino, M.; Castellini, G.; Danilchenko, I. A.; Pascale, M. P. De; Felice, V. Di; Galper, A. M.; Gillard, V.; Grishantseva, L.; Jerse, G.; Karelin, A. V.; Koldashov, S. V.; Koldobskii, S. A.; Krutkov, S. Y.; Kvashnin, A. N.; Leonov, A.; Malakhov, V.; Malvezzi, V.; Marcelli, L.; Menn, W.; Mikhailov, V. V.; Mocchiutti, E.; Mori, N.; Nikonov, N.; Osteria, G.; Papini, P.; Pearce, Mark; Picozza, P.; Pizzolotto, C.; Ricci, M.; Ricciarini, S.; Runtso, M. F.; Simon, M.; Simone, N. De; Sparvoli, R.; Спиллантини, П.; Stozhkov, Y. I.; Vacchi, A.; Vannuccini, E.; Vasil’ev, G. I.; Voronov, S. A.; Wu, Yunfei; Yurkin, Y. T.; Zampa, G.; Zampa, N.; Zverev, V. G.

doi:10.3103/s1062873811060293

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…3 show that the increase of primary CR flux for particles with E > 0.2 GeV in 2009 was about 20% in comparison with the highest flux observed in the solar activity minimum of 1965. (Mayorov et al, 2011). Without any normalization, good agreement between the two sets of data obtained with different instruments and methods occurred.…”

Section: The Unusual Increase Of the Cosmic Ray Flux In 2009mentioning

confidence: 82%

Cosmic rays in the stratosphere in 2008–2010

Stozhkov

Bazilevskaya

Крайнев

et al. 2011

Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans.

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The experimental data on the galactic cosmic ray fluxes obtained from the measurements in the atmosphere during the period 2008-2010 are presented. They include the unusual long-term period of the low solar activity. In 2009, we recorded the highest cosmic ray fluxes (particles with energy more than 0.2 GeV) in the history of the cosmic particle measurements. The reasons for the extremely low solar modulation of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) fluxes are briefly discussed.

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Section: The Unusual Increase Of the Cosmic Ray Flux In 2009mentioning

confidence: 82%

Cosmic rays in the stratosphere in 2008–2010

Stozhkov

Bazilevskaya

Крайнев

et al. 2011

Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans.

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“…[] calculations (2π integrated) was 1.14 nucleons cm −2 s −1 . In contrast, the average GCR flux in our study was assumed to be 0.77 nucleons cm −2 s −1 in accordance with PAMELA observations [ Maiorov et al ., ] (see section 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, we assumed that The Martian surface is irradiated by the average GCR flux of 0.77 nucleons cm −2 s −1 as stated in section 2 ( Maiorov et al . []; see their GCR flux value for year 2005). While, as stated in section 3.3, the proton flux value used in Rao et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[] for estimates of the noble gas production over long timescales was 1.14 nucleons cm −2 s −1 , Maiorov et al . [] report that the GCR flux increased by a factor of 2 (up to ~1.4 nucleons cm −2 s −1 ) at the Earth orbit in the 2005–2010 observation period due to changes in solar modulation. Radiation Assessment Detector on the MSL reported the cosmic ray flux at 1.84 nucleons cm −2 s −1 on the surface of Mars [ Hassler et al ., ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that GCR flux oscillates due to changes in the solar activity (e.g., 11 year cycle). In this paper, we assumed a rather conservative integrated GCR flux of 0.77 nucleons cm −2 s −1 —GCR flux in the middle of the solar cycle, year 2006 [ Maiorov et al ., , Figure ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alteration of the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition in the Martian surface rocks due to cosmic ray exposure

Павлов

Ostryakov

et al. 2014

JGR Planets

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13 C/ 12 C and 15 N/ 14 N isotopic ratios are pivotal for our understanding of the Martian carbon cycle, history of the Martian atmospheric escape, and origin of the organic compounds on Mars. Here we demonstrate that the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of the surface rocks on Mars can be significantly altered by the continuous exposure of Martian surface to cosmic rays. Cosmic rays can effectively produce 13 C and 15 N isotopes via spallation nuclear reactions on oxygen atoms in various Martian rocks. We calculate that in the top meter of the Martian rocks, the rates of production of both 13 C and 15 N due to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) exposure can vary within 1.5-6 atoms/cm 3 /s depending on rocks' depth and chemical composition. We also find that the average solar cosmic rays can produce carbon and nitrogen isotopes at a rate comparable to GCRs in the top 5-10 cm of the Martian rocks. We demonstrate that if the total carbon content in a surface Martian rock is <10 ppm, then the "light," potentially "biological" 13 C/ 12 C ratio would be effectively erased by cosmic rays over 3.5 billion years of exposure. We found that for the rocks with relatively short exposure ages (e.g., 100 million years), cosmogenic changes in 15 N/ 14 N ratio are still very significant. We also show that a short exposure to cosmic rays of Allan Hills 84001 while on Mars can explain its high-temperature heavy nitrogen isotopic composition ( 15 N/ 14 N). Applications to Martian meteorites and the current Mars Science Laboratory mission are discussed.

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