Solar Modulation Effects in Terrestrial Production of Carbon-14

Physics-based modeling of cosmogenic nuclides part I – Radiation transport methods and new insights

“…1a and b show the proton and alpha particle spectra for these GCR models. The McKinney spectra are based on the model originally developed by Castagnoli and Lal (1980) and Lal (1988), with revision to the parameters. The Lal models were based on the theoretical framework and satellite data of Urch and Gleeson (1972) and the satellite measurements of Garcia-Munoz et al (1975).…”

Simulation of the cosmic-ray induced dose-rate within a Martian soil profile

“…We use modulation theory to estimate spectral shape and fluxes of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) protons, which are incident on a 1 cm 2 area at the centre of the martian surface in our simulation. The differential energy spectrum of the incident protons was taken from Castagnoli and Lal (1980), which was later corrected by Reedy (1987) and is described by the equation…”

Production and behavior of beryllium 7 radionuclide in the upper atmosphere

“…The energy spectrum of GCR protons at the Earth has been well known to vary with the solar activity. It was formulated by Castagnoli and Lal (1980) who took account of the solar modulation parameter U. Four proton spectra for U = 0, 300, 600 and 1000 MeV are shown in Fig.…”