Solar energetic particle heavy ion properties in the widespread event of 2020 November 29

Mason, G. M.; Cohen, C. M. S.; Ho, G. C.; Mitchell, D. G.; Allen, R. C.; Hill, M. E.; Andrews, G. B.; Berger, L.; Boden, S.; Böttcher, S.; Cernuda, I.; Christian, E. R.; Cummings, A. C.; Davis, A. J.; Desai, M. I.; Nolfo, G. A. de; Eldrum, S.; Elftmann, R.; Kollhoff, Alexander; Giacalone, J.; Gómez‐Herrero, R.; Hayes, J. R.; Janitzek, Nils; Joyce, Colin J.; Korth, A.; Kühl, P.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Labrador, A. W.; Lara, F. Espinosa; Lees, W. J.; Leske, R. A.; Martı́n, César; Hellín, Agustín Martínez; Matthaeus, W. H.; McComas, D. J.; McNutt, R. L.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Mitchell, J. G.; Pacheco, Daniel; Parra, Pilar; Prieto, Manuel; Rankin, J. S.; Ravanbakhsh, Alí; Rodrı́guez-Pacheco, J.; Polo, Óscar R.; Roelof, E. C.; Sánchez-Prieto, S.; Schlemm, C. E.; Schwadron, N. A.; Seifert, H.; Stone, E. C.; Szalay, J. R.; Terasa, J. C.; Tyagi, K.; Forstner, J. L. Freiherr von; Wiedenbeck, M. E.; Wimmer‐Schweingruber, R. F.; Xu, Zigong; Yedla, M.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141310

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Solar Orbiter was launched from Cape Canaveral in February 2020, and EPD was commissioned in April the same year. Since commissioning, EPD/SIS has measured the energetic and suprathermal ion composition in both large and small SEP events (Mason et al, 2021a;Mason et al, 2021b;Bučík et al, 2021); and Corotating Interaction Regions (Allen et al, 2021). The excellent sensitivity of the sensor allows us to measure elemental and isotopic composition in suprathermal particles with high precision.…”

Section: Observations Event Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplanetary Ion Flux Dropouts Across Multiple 3He-Rich Events

Mason

Allen

et al. 2022

Front. Astron. Space Sci.

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Solar Orbiter, a joint ESA/NASA mission, is studying the Sun and inner heliosphere in greater detail than ever before. Launched in February 2020, Solar Orbiter has already completed its first three orbits, reaching perihelia of 0.5 au from the Sun in June 2020, February and August 2021. During the first 2 years in orbit, Solar Orbiter observed multiple 3He-rich Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events inside 1 au. Even though these events were small, their spectral forms, 3He content, and association with energetic electrons and type III bursts convincingly identifies them as 3He-rich SEP events with properties similar to those previously observed at 1 au, and promising new insights as Solar Orbiter moves much closer to the Sun in 2022. In May 2021, we observed six 3He-rich SEP events in close succession within 48 h when Solar Orbiter was at 0.95 au. These events were likely released from the same active region at the Sun, and the particles arrived at Solar Orbiter in two batches with various abundances and intensities, showing strong anisotropies throughout. Multiple ion flux dropouts were also observed with these six 3He-rich SEP events. The fact that we observed so many ion injections in such a short period of time indicates the 3He enrichment and acceleration mechanism can produce SEP from the same region very efficiently and with varying enrichment levels and intensities. In addition, we report for the first-time dropout features that spanned multiple ion events simultaneously. This implies the field line random walk that we observe at 1 au still maintains magnetic connections to a small region back at the Sun up to the entire duration of these events (∼48 h).

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Section: Observations Event Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplanetary Ion Flux Dropouts Across Multiple 3He-Rich Events

Mason

Allen

et al. 2022

Front. Astron. Space Sci.

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“…onsets and time profiles [6] and the heavy ion spectra and composition [7]. As solar activity continues to increase, it is expected that PSP will observe more events, hopefully closer to the Sun and in combination with other spacecraft.…”

Section: Pos(icrc2021)1292mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although PSP was not particularly close to the Sun at this time (being at 0.8 AU), the event provided the opportunity to calibrate the heavy ion response of the ISʘIS sensors. Additionally, the event was sufficiently large that it was observed by multiple spacecraft distributed around the Sun (Figure 1), allowing studies of SEP characteristics as a function of longitude to be made (see, e.g., [6,7,8]). The ISʘIS observations of this event are presented in detailed in [9]; here we provide a brief overview of the key characteristics of this event.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parker Solar Probe’s Measurements of the 29 November 2020 Solar Energetic Particle Event

Cohen¹,

Christian²,

Cummings³

et al. 2021

Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021)

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“…Both commenced from the same source region, AR 12790, which was still behind the Earth‐facing eastern limb at the time of Flare1, indicating that its “true” X‐ray class might have been even higher than observed. The first of these eruptions has already gained significant attention, since it was associated with the first widespread SEP event of Solar Cycle 25 and with a CME detected in situ by the PSP and STEREO‐A spacecraft (e.g., Cohen et al., 2021; Giacalone et al., 2021; Kollhoff et al., 2021; Kouloumvakos et al., 2022; Lario et al., 2021; Mason et al., 2021; Mitchell et al., 2021; Möstl et al., 2022; Nieves‐Chinchilla et al., 2022). The configurations of planets and spacecraft within the orbit of Mars on the days of the two flares are shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CMEs and SEPs During November–December 2020: A Challenge for Real‐Time Space Weather Forecasting

et al. 2022

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Predictions of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) are a central issue in space weather forecasting. In recent years, interest in space weather predictions has expanded to include impacts at other planets beyond Earth as well as spacecraft scattered throughout the heliosphere. In this sense, the scope of space weather science now encompasses the whole heliospheric system, and multipoint measurements of solar transients can provide useful insights and validations for prediction models. In this work, we aim to analyze the whole inner heliospheric context between two eruptive flares that took place in late 2020, that is, the M4.4 flare of 29 November and the C7.4 flare of 7 December. This period is especially interesting because the STEREO-A spacecraft was located ∼60° east of the Sun-Earth line, giving us the opportunity to test the capabilities of "predictions at 360°" using remote-sensing observations from the Lagrange L1 and L5 points as input. We simulate the CMEs that were ejected during our period of interest and the SEPs accelerated by their shocks using the WSA-Enlil-SEPMOD modeling chain and four sets of input parameters, forming a "mini-ensemble." We validate our results using in situ observations at six locations, including Earth and Mars. We find that, despite some limitations arising from the models' architecture and assumptions, CMEs and shockaccelerated SEPs can be reasonably studied and forecast in real time at least out to several tens of degrees away from the eruption site using the prediction tools employed here.Plain Language Summary Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) are phenomena from the Sun that are able to cause significant disturbances at Earth and other planets. Reliable predictions of these events and their effects are among the major goals of space weather forecasts, which aim to tackle all processes related to solar activity that can endanger human technology and society. In recent years, the breadth of space weather science has started to encompass other locations than Earth, ranging from all solar system planets to spacecraft scattered throughout space. In this work, we test our current capabilities in predicting space weather events in the inner solar system (i.e., within the orbit of Mars) for a period in late 2020. We use a chain of models that are able to simulate the background solar wind as well as transient phenomena such as CMEs and SEPs, and compare our results with spacecraft measurements from six well-separated locations, including Earth and Mars. We find that our current forecasting tools, despite their limitations, can successfully provide reasonable predictions of both CMEs and SEPs, especially out to several tens of degrees around the corresponding eruption source region on the Sun.

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Solar energetic particle heavy ion properties in the widespread event of 2020 November 29

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Interplanetary Ion Flux Dropouts Across Multiple 3He-Rich Events

Interplanetary Ion Flux Dropouts Across Multiple 3He-Rich Events

Parker Solar Probe’s Measurements of the 29 November 2020 Solar Energetic Particle Event

CMEs and SEPs During November–December 2020: A Challenge for Real‐Time Space Weather Forecasting

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