Solar cooker with latent heat storage systems: A review

Renewable energy sources are time-dependent in nature and the effective utilization of devices based on renewable energy requires appropriate energy storage medium to commensurate the mismatch between energy supply and demand. Solar energy is the primary source of energy among renewable energy sources which can be used for a wide variety of electrical and thermal applications. Intermittent and unpredictable nature of solar energy generally necessitates a storage medium in between that stores energy whenever is available in excess and discharges energy whenever it is inadequate. Therefore, the storage of thermal energy becomes necessary in order to meet the larger energy demand and to achieve high efficiency. Thermal energy storage using latent heat-based phase change materials (PCM) tends to be the most effective form of thermal energy storage that can be operated for wide range of low-, medium-, and high-temperature applications. This chapter explains the need, desired characteristics, principle, and classification of thermal energy storage. It also summarizes the selection criteria, potential research areas, testing procedures, possible application, and case studies of PCM-based thermal energy storage system.

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“…Some of the desired characteristics of thermal energy storage (Dincer and Rosen 2011;Sharma 2009;Garg and Prakash 2000) are as follows:…”

Section: Characteristics Of Thermal Energy Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thermal energy is stored as sensible heat until reaching the phase transition temperature (Sharma 2009). Temperature becomes constant during phase transition, thereby storing thermal energy based on latent heat of fusion.…”

Section: Latent Heat Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Change Materials—A Sustainable Way of Solar Thermal Energy Storage

Dheep

Saritha

2015

Energy Sustainability Through Green Energy

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“…According to literature, 11,[59][60][61][62][63][64] commercially available Figure 2 shows the classification of PCMs into singleand multi-component materials, together with examples of the melting points and applications of the proposed PCMs. 47,58,61,65,66) The tree-like classification diagram shows that single-component materials include organic and inorganic materials; organic PCMs include paraffins and nonparaffins such as fatty acid and sugar alcohol, and inorganic PCMs include hydrates, molten salts, and metal.…”

Section: Required Conditions For Pcmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,59,61,67) In general, sugar alcohols such as erythritol and mannitol have a phase-change point of over 100°C. Recently, erythritol with a melting point of 118-119°C has been reported as a promising new PCM for applications in solar cookers 64,68) and for the recovery of waste heat at relatively low temperatures under 200°C. [53][54][55][56] Molten salts were the most popular PCMs, and they had a high phase-change point.…”

Section: Classification Of Pcmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology of Latent Heat Storage for High Temperature Application: A Review

2010

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Table 2. Thermophysical properties of proposed PCM candidates-sugar alcohol, molten salt, and metallicwith phase-changing point over 100°C.from steelworks 2) has more enthalpy at lower temperature but more exergy at a higher temperature over 100°C. Table 3 lists frequently selected keywords from the collected papers. Papers on LHS and PCM frequently used general keywords such as "phase-change material", "PCM", "thermal energy storage", and "latent heat". Apart from these, interestingly, "solar energy" was also frequently used; these papers dealt with PCMs that can store solar energy through melting for various utilities. Keywords such as "phase-change composites", "thermal conductivity", "shape-stabilized" should be noteworthy in that these are related to general problems encountered during the use of PCMs, that is, capsulation and low thermal conductivity. Recent Advancements in LHS Technology PCM CapsulesGenerally, because LHS mainly utilizes the phase change between solid and liquid, the encapsulation of the PCM is necessary to avoid the leakage of a liquid PCM. In addition, Regin et al. 70) noted the functions and requirements of PCM containment: (i) meeting the requirements of strength, flexibility, corrosion resistance, and thermal stability; (ii) acting as a barrier to protect the PCM from harmful interactions with the environment; (iii) providing a sufficient surface for heat transfer, and (iv) providing structural stability and easy handling. PCM capsules are classified into macroand microcapsules.Macrocapsules are the most conventional PCM capsules, and many papers have reported various shell materials such as metal and plastics, and various shapes such as spherical [71][72][73][74][75] and cylindrical. 72,[76][77][78] In contrast, micro-encapsulation of PCM has recently attracted considerable attention [79][80][81][82][83][84][85] because it reduces the reactivity of the PCMs with the outside environment, increases the heat transfer area of the PCMs, and enables the core material to withstand frequent changes in the volume of the storage material during phase change. Table 4 lists trends in manufacturing methods for PCM capsules. Many papers have reported the production of various microcapsules, and the manufacturing methods, core PCM materials, shell materials, thermophysical properties, and capsule sizes of the same have been studied. Micro-interfacial polymerization, 80) in-situ polycondensation, [81][82][83][84][85] and complex coacervation 79) are the most popular microen- ISIJ International, Vol. 50 (2010), No. 9 79,80) 1232© 2010 ISIJ proposed the encapsulation of spherical metal PCMs such as Cu and Pb with an electroplated Ni layer to recover industrial hightemperature waste heat such as combustion offgas. The PCM spherical capsule with Ni coverage provided hybrid functions of both heat storage and catalysis. Nickel worked well as a catalyst of the gas phase reaction CH 4 ϩH 2 Oϭ 3H 2 ϩCO at 1000°C.In summary, the encapsulation of low-temperature PCMs is a state-of-the-art technology; in p...

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“…As mentioned before, the electricity conversion efficiency of solar energy is limited; it is much easier to use solar thermal energy in countries blessed with good sunshine (e.g. India with a mean daily solar radiation of 5-7kW/m 2 [42]) via e.g. a cascading way.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable energy carriers: Hydrogen or liquid air/nitrogen?

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2010

Applied Thermal Engineering

107

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The world's energy demand is met mainly by the fossil fuels today. The use of such fuels, however, causes serious environmental issues, including global warming, ozone layer depletion and acid rains. A sustainable solution to the issues is to replace the fossil fuels with renewable ones. Implementing such a solution, however, requires overcoming a number of technological barriers including low energy density, intermittent supply and mobility of the renewable energy sources. A potential approach to overcoming these barriers is to use an appropriate energy carrier, which can store, transport and distribute energy. The work to be reported in this paper aims to assess and compare a chemical energy carrier, hydrogen, with a physical energy carrier, liquid air/nitrogen, and discuss potential applications of the physical carrier. The ocean energy is used as an example of the renewable energy sources in the work. The assessment and comparison are carried out in terms of the overall efficiency, including production, storage/transportation and energy extraction. The environmental impact, waste heat recovery and safety issues are also considered. It is found that the physical energy carrier may be a better alternative to the chemical energy carrier under some circumstances, particularly when there are waste heat sources.

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Solar cooker with latent heat storage systems: A review

Cited by 95 publications

References 24 publications

Phase Change Materials—A Sustainable Way of Solar Thermal Energy Storage

Phase Change Materials—A Sustainable Way of Solar Thermal Energy Storage

Technology of Latent Heat Storage for High Temperature Application: A Review

Renewable energy carriers: Hydrogen or liquid air/nitrogen?

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