Solar cell efficiency tables (version 56)

Green, Martin A.; Dunlop, Ewan D.; Hohl‐Ebinger, Jochen; Yoshita, Masahiro; Kopidakis, Nikos; Hao, Xiaojing

doi:10.1002/pip.3303

Cited by 500 publications

(394 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Major progress could as well come from introducing alternative standardized ways of reporting performance progress. For several decades, solar cell efficiency progress is reported biannually in the "Solar cell efficiency tables" by Martin Green et al [19,20] and in NREL's "Best research-cell efficiency chart". [13] These tables are effectively tracking progress in technologies like Si or 2nd, and 3rd generation photovoltaic technologies, but often lack the necessary level of detail due to confidentiality, IP issues or industrial strategies.…”

Section: (3 Of 10)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Strategies to Accelerate OPV Technology Toward a GW Technology

Brabec

Distler

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

106

101

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the worldwide peak capacity of solar energy production has caught up with wind power, and is expected to be the first renewable energy to exceed the TWp limit in the next few years, probably already by 2023. [1] Solar Power Europe reports levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for photovoltaic power to range from 5 c (kWh) −1 in the North of Europe like in Helsinki and 3 c (kWh) −1 in the south of Europe, like in Malaga, which will further go down to 3 c (kWh) −1 respectively 1c (kWh) −1. [2] Fraunhofer ISE reports in the 2019 PV report that photovoltaic installations are dominated by crystalline silicon (c-Si) with a market share of over 95% in solar farms and on rooftops. [3] With the rise of the solar power century, photovoltaic applications and installations will go beyond the traditional green field power plants and enter every aspect of our daily life. Urban, naval and space mobility, residential buildings and business towers, all types of facades, portable and Internet of Things (IoT) applications, clothing-almost any aspect of our life can and will be powered by solar energy. While c-Si appears untouchable as leading PV main stream technology for a longer time, many of the new applications which rely on flexibility, transparency, color management, integrability or simply elegant appearance require novel photovoltaic materials and technologies.

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Section: (3 Of 10)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Strategies to Accelerate OPV Technology Toward a GW Technology

Brabec

Distler

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

106

101

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“…Values for the open-circuit voltage (VOC) and fill factor (FF) are found in Green et al, 2020a. The sources for temperature coefficients are: silicon (SunPower, 2020); cadmium telluride (First Solar, 2020); CIGS (Solar Frontier, 2020); perovskite (Jošt et al, 2020); III-Vs (Fernández et al, 2012) Daily variation under global operating spectra: silicon and cadmium telluride (a) (b) Fig.…”

Section: Cell Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar cell efficiency divergence due to operating spectrum variation

Kinsey¹

2020

Preprint

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A limitation in the performance rating of solar cells and modules is that they are tested using a single value for the solar spectrum. To map the performance expected under the varying spectra found in operating conditions, solar cell efficiencies have been evaluated using solar spectra generated by the National Solar Radiation Database, applied to confirmed record-efficiency cell parameters. Nine solar cell types (single-junction and multijunction) are evaluated using spectra at more than forty locations, spanning 76° of latitude and 150° of longitude, at hourly intervals over a year. Relative to the standard test efficiency, increases in operating efficiency are seen in cadmium telluride and (single-junction) perovskite designs. Silicon exhibits the least variation, while efficiency decreases are observed in two-terminal multijunction structures. This divergence in operating efficiencies indicates that evaluation using a single spectrum is not a sufficient basis for comparison, or prediction of energy yield in operation. Application of additional “operating spectra,” to supplement the standard test spectrum, is proposed.

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“…However, the most efficient QD thin-film solar cell is still less efficient than the solar cells composed of emerging materials such as organics and perovskites and those composed of other thin films and Si wafers. [115] Therefore, which trait of QDs contributes to their shortfall of conversion efficiency and how to enhance today's design approaches should be investigated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Strategy of Quantum Dot Thin‐Film Solar Cells

Kim

Lim

Yun

et al. 2020

Small

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Quantum dots (QDs) are emerging photovoltaic materials that display exclusive characteristics that can be adjusted through modification of their size and surface chemistry. However, designing a QD‐based optoelectronic device requires specialized approaches compared with designing conventional bulk‐based solar cells. In this paper, design considerations for QD thin‐film solar cells are introduced from two different viewpoints: optics and electrics. The confined energy level of QDs contributes to the adjustment of their band alignment, enabling their absorption characteristics to be adapted to a specific device purpose. However, the materials selected for this energy adjustment can increase the light loss induced by interface reflection. Thus, management of the light path is important for optical QD solar cell design, whereas surface modification is a crucial issue for the electrical design of QD solar cells. QD thin‐film solar cell architectures are fabricated as a heterojunction today, and ligand exchange provides suitable doping states and enhanced carrier transfer for the junction. Lastly, the stability issues and methods on QD thin‐film solar cells are surveyed. Through these strategies, a QD solar cell study can provide valuable insights for future‐oriented solar cell technology.

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Solar cell efficiency tables (version 56)

Abstract: Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since January 2020 are reviewed.

Cited by 500 publications

References 45 publications

Material Strategies to Accelerate OPV Technology Toward a GW Technology

Material Strategies to Accelerate OPV Technology Toward a GW Technology

Solar cell efficiency divergence due to operating spectrum variation

Design Strategy of Quantum Dot Thin‐Film Solar Cells

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