Sol–gel synthesis of calcium phosphate-based biomaterials—A review of environmentally benign, simple, and effective synthesis routes

Abstract

In this review article the available results about application of sol-gel synthesis method for the preparation of different calcium phosphates and composite materials are summarized. The attention is paid to calcium phosphate-containing compounds which show the biological properties and could be used as potential phosphate bioceramics in medicine. It was demonstrated that the sol-gel synthesis method is a powerful tool for the synthesis of calcium hydroxyapatite and other phosphates, and different calcium phosphate-based composites at mild synthetic conditions resulted in high reproducibility, high phase purity, and desired morphology. Thus, the sol-gel synthesis method enables the researchers to develop biomaterials with superior features in terms of biomedical applications.

Sol-Gel Derived Hydroxyapatite Coatings for Titanium Implants: A Review

“…The chemical nature of Ca and P precursors play a vital role to produce the hydroxyapatite [ 71 , 72 ]. An extensive review on fabrication sol-gel derived calcium-phosphate powders using different precursors have been done previously by Ishikawa et al [ 73 ]. Table 3 shows the most frequent precursors and solvents used for preparation of hydroxyapatite.…”

UV-assisted synthesis of hydroxyapatite from eggshells at ambient temperature: cytotoxicity, drug delivery and bioactivity

“…10,11 With regard to these particular applications, the development of novel approaches to synthesize Hap using various Ca and P sources is now a vital task for researchers. Nevertheless, to expand the biomaterial research eld, a signicant number of procedures have been developed by scientists to synthesize Hap, such as wet chemical precipitation, 1,12,13 electrochemical methods, 14,15 solid-state reactions, 16 hydrothermal, 17,18 microemulsion, 19 sol-gel 20 and microwave irradiation 21 methods and so on. It must be mentioned here that the synthesis protocols strictly regulate the morphology and structural characteristics of Hap, which eventually control its biomedical applications.…”

Designing Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles with the Co-Precipitation Technique to Improve Phosphorous Availability in Broiler Chicks

“…There are several methods available for the preparation of DP nanoparticles. Some of the most popular are sol-gel, hydrothermal synthesis, mechano-chemical preparation, milling of natural bones, among others [9,10]. For the preparation of nano-dicalcium phosphate (NDP), the use of different chemical precursors for calcium: Ca [CaCl 2 , Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , CaCO 3 [8][9][10].…”

“…Some of the most popular are sol-gel, hydrothermal synthesis, mechano-chemical preparation, milling of natural bones, among others [9,10]. For the preparation of nano-dicalcium phosphate (NDP), the use of different chemical precursors for calcium: Ca [CaCl 2 , Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , CaCO 3 [8][9][10]. Additionally, the nature of the chemical precursors will affect the characteristics of the final product, as well as the proper selection of surface modifiers (surfactant).…”