Sol‐gel processing of transition‐metal alkoxides for electronics

Lee, G. Rob; Crayston, Joe A.

doi:10.1002/adma.19930050604

Cited by 50 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In general, the precursor or starting compound is either an inorganic metal salt (acetate, chloride, nitrate, sulfate,…) or an organic species like a metal alkoxide. Indeed, metal alkoxides constitute the most widely used class of precursors in aqueous sol-gel processes [174][175][176][177] and their chemistry is well established. [178][179][180] In a first step, the metal alkoxide is transformed into a sol (dispersion of colloidal particles in a liquid), which reacts further to a gel, an interconnected, rigid, and porous inorganic network enclosing a continuous liquid phase ( Figure 6).…”

Section: Nonaqueous Sol-gel Chemistry For Metal Oxide Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Reaction Pathways in the Nonaqueous Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Niederberger

Garnweitner

2006

Chemistry A European J

460

457

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Nonaqueous-solution routes to metal oxide nanoparticles are a valuable alternative to the known aqueous sol-gel processes, offering advantages such as high crystallinity at low temperatures, robust synthesis parameters and ability to control the crystal growth without the use of surfactants. In the first part of the review we give a detailed overview of the various solution routes to metal oxides in organic solvents, with a strong focus on surfactant-free processes. In most of these synthesis approaches, the organic solvent plays the role of the reactant that provides the oxygen for the metal oxide, controls the crystal growth, influences particle shape, and, in some cases, also determines the assembly behavior. We have a closer look at the following reaction systems in this order: 1) metal halides in alcohols, 2) metal alkoxides, acetates, and acetylacetonates in alcohols, 3) metal alkoxides in ketones, and 4) metal acetylacetonates in benzylamine. All these systems offer some peculiarities with respect to each other, providing many possibilities to control and tailor the particle size and shape, as well as the surface and assembly properties. In the second part we present general mechanistic principles for aqueous and nonaqueous sol-gel processes, followed by the discussion of reaction pathways relevant for nanoparticle formation in organic solvents. Depending on the system several mechanisms have been postulated: 1) alkyl halide elimination, 2) elimination of organic ethers, 3) ester elimination, 4) C--C bond formation between benzylic alcohols and alkoxides, 5) ketimine and aldol-like condensation reactions, 6) oxidation of metal nanoparticles, and 7) thermal decomposition methods.

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Section: Nonaqueous Sol-gel Chemistry For Metal Oxide Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Reaction Pathways in the Nonaqueous Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Niederberger

Garnweitner

2006

Chemistry A European J

460

457

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“…The sol-gel process consists of a chemical process (hydrolysis-condensation) of a metal (or semi-metal) alkoxide precursor with itself creating a three-dimensional continuous solid linkage, through a basic or acid catalysis process [28]. This process has been proposed to synthetize TiO 2 -based photocatalysts with high oxidation efficiency, as well as for TiO 2 immobilization in a large number of supports to control their porosity [29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Submerged Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor for Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewaters

et al. 2019

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A new hybrid photocatalytic membrane reactor that can easily be scaled-up was designed, assembled and used to test photocatalytic membranes developed using the sol-gel technique. Extremely high removals of total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, phenolic and volatile compounds were obtained when the hybrid photocatalytic membrane reactor was used to treat olive mill wastewaters. The submerged photocatalytic membrane reactor proposed and the modified membranes represent a step forward towards the development of new advanced treatment technology able to cope with several water and wastewater contaminants.

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“…19 In a sol-gel process the precursor solution is converted into an inorganic solid by a) dispersion of colloidal particles in a liquid (sol) and b) conversion of sol into rigid phase (gel) by hydrolysis and condensation reactions. 20 The sol-gel method is well applicable for the synthesis of nanoparticles of oxides of different metals like Sn, Ti, V, Zr, Ta, Nb, Hf, In, Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn, Sm, W, Li, Al in aqueous, 21,22 non-aqueous (organic) 23,24 mediums with or without surfactants. 25,26 Hydrogenation of styrene has been done by a number of catalysts composed of a) transition metals of rhodium, 27 palladium, platinum, 28 iron, 29 and nickel/sepiolite 30 b) complexes of perfluoroalkylated pyridine-palladium, 31 [H 3 Os 4 (CO) 12 ] -32 and c) nanomaterials of NaH, 33 TiO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of High Surface Area Tin Oxide Nanoparticles via the Sol‐Gel Method as a Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Styrene

Adnan

Razana

Rahman

et al. 2010

J Chinese Chemical Soc

112

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A systematic study on the preparation of SnO 2 nanoparticles using a simple sol-gel technique has been conducted by varying reaction parameters such as concentration of ammonia, ammonia feed rate and reaction temperature. The tin oxide obtained was characterized by using FTIR, BET, XRD and TEM. Particles size was obtained in the range of 4 to 5.6 nm and the surface area was found to be between 76 to 114 m 2 g -1 depending on the reaction parameters. Meanwhile, the catalytic activity of SnO 2 was first time investigated for the hydrogenation reaction of styrene using ethanol as the solvent at 70°C and 1 atmospheric pressure. It is found that SnO 2 acts as a good catalyst in this hydrogenation process. The product conversions in the presence of catalysts prepared at different conditions were between 37 to 72%.

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Sol‐gel processing of transition‐metal alkoxides for electronics

Cited by 50 publications

References 55 publications

Organic Reaction Pathways in the Nonaqueous Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Organic Reaction Pathways in the Nonaqueous Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Novel Submerged Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor for Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewaters

Synthesis and Characterization of High Surface Area Tin Oxide Nanoparticles via the Sol‐Gel Method as a Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Styrene

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