Sol–Gel Processing for Optical Communication Technology

Bhandarkar, S. D.

doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb07713.x

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Sol-gel deposition is a low-cost, simple and versatile technique for fabrication of planar waveguides based on various glasses and organic-inorganic hybrid materials [149][150][151]. The versatility of this approach in terms of potential to process a broad range of materials and produce different type of structures is illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Sol-gel Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Grivas

2011

Progress in Quantum Electronics

193

102

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Abstract:The tremendous interest in the field of waveguide lasers in the past two decades is largely attributed to the geometry of the gain medium, which provides the possibility to store optical energy on a very small dimension in the form of an optical mode. This allows for realization of sources with enhanced optical gain, low lasing threshold, and small footprint and opens up exciting possibilities in the area of integrated optics by facilitating their on-chip integration with different functionalities and highly compact photonic circuits. Moreover, this geometrical concept is compatible with high power diode pumping schemes as it provides exceptional thermal management, minimizing the impact of thermal loading on laser performance. The proliferation of techniques for fabrication and processing capable of producing high optical quality waveguides has greatly contributed to the growth of waveguide lasers from a topic of fundamental research to an area that encompasses a variety of practical applications. In this first part of the review on optically pumped waveguide lasers the properties that distinguish these sources from other classes of lasers will be discussed. Furthermore, the current state-of-the art in terms of fabrication tools used for producing waveguide lasers is reviewed from the aspects of the processes and the materials involved. 2 1.IntroductionOver the last two decades the field of solid-state planar waveguide lasers has experienced a steady growth, progressing from a laboratory curiosity to an area that demonstrates a broad spectrum of applications, from multiwavelength laser channel arrays for telecommunications to diode-pumped planar structures with multiwatt output powers for sensing and ranging applications. Waveguide lasers are by no means a new field and the first report on such a source dates back in 1961, when laser operation of a waveguide based on an active glass core rod embedded in a low refractive index cladding was demonstrated [1]. However research efforts in the years that followed this report focused primarily on the development of optically pumped laser sources based on high optical quality bulk dielectric laser media in the form of rods and slabs. The merits of the waveguide geometry and the associated optical confinement have been first highlighted in single mode glass optical fibers. Fibers have proven an enabling technology for realization of highly efficient amplifier and laser sources owing to their unrivalled low loss performance and ability to maintain a small spot size and hence high intensities over lengths that are orders of magnitude longer than would normally be allowed by diffraction, [2,3]. Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in particular have directly contributed to the enormous expansion of the optical communications networks that underpin today's internet infrastructure by allowing for signal regeneration and optical data transmission over long distances. The excellent performance of fiber lasers and amplifiers provided motivation and triggered a major techn...

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Section: Sol-gel Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Grivas

2011

Progress in Quantum Electronics

193

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The sol-gel samples of following compositions were prepared: 31 3 -3.93 Pb(CH 3 COO) 2 )-5.9 CF 3 COOH (SG3) in wt%. It should be noted that the amounts of terbium acetate, lead acetate and trifluoroacetic acid are the same in all synthesized samples.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the rare-earth ions show the remarkable optical properties, the materials doped with them could be applied as displays, luminescent lamps, lasers and amplifiers [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Characteristic luminescence of rare-earths is due to effective shielding from the effect of external forces by the 5s 2 and 5p 6 shells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, sol-gel materials could be obtained in a simple and homogeneous way on the molecular scale [34,36]. Therefore, sol-gel processing has become a feasible method for fabricating materials with interesting properties useful for advanced integrated photonics and optical communication technology [1][2][3][4]. Such materials may be characterized by a high luminescence efficiency [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technological aspects for Tb3+-doped luminescent sol–gel nanomaterials

Szpikowska‐Sroka

Pawlik

Goryczka

et al. 2015

Ceramics International

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“…Sol-gel process is very flexible and multisided by type of products produced, for example, for optical and communication technologies (Fig. 4.36) [290]. Motivation for this field is a decrease in optic scattering on interface, when phase domain is smaller than wavelength of electromagnetic photon.…”

Section: Morphology and Fractal Models Of Hybrid Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Nanocomposites Formation

Pomogailo

Джардималиева

2014

Nanostructured Materials Preparation via Condensation Ways

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This method called sol-gel or dip-and spin-on-glass process, spin-spray-coating, sol -gel glasses, which was widely used in the second half of the twentieth century [1] 1 is one of the most universal condensation ways of production of nanoparticles stabilized by inorganic oxide or polymeric matrices. A special interest is attracted to materials obtained by combination of sol-gel chemistry and aerosol or spray processes, and combination of sol-gel synthesis with intercalation. This also includes combinations of sol-gel processes with different types of thermolysis, and approaches met in nature in biomineralization processes, etc., which are new aspects of integrative chemistry approach. Traditional sol-gel concept is based on hydrolysis and condensation of metal alkoxides and many metalloids including different ways of their modification [2,3]. Main reactions proceed at relatively low temperatures with usage of prepared in advance or synthesized in parallel polymers, and are convenient techniques for preparation of organic-inorganic nanocomposites compared with commercial silicate-intercalation technique. Sizes of formed nanoparticles in a composite can be reduced to 10 nm by choice of relative conditions. Polymer-inorganic materials have high mechanical strength and thermal stability in combination with optimal heat transport properties. They are widely used in practice due to unique physical and chemical properties: incorporation of nanometric inorganic component into polymeric matrix improves mechanical properties of material [4][5][6][7], permeability of polymers [8]. Light-sensitive materials are used in optic and electronic industry, printed-circuit boards, photoconductive cells, as key elements in solid coatings, packing materials, as cover materials they have good transparency [9][10][11]. For example, sol-gel method was used to produce various polymer/TiO 2 composites with high refractive index [12]. Such type of composites are used for chromatographic carriers, membrane materials, these are the main class of plastics for different applications, including airspace. Controlled properties of the surface of these colloid 1 We refer here to the recent review devoted to celebration of 40th anniversary of innovation researches in polymer-inorganic ceramics produced by sol-gel technique [1].

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Sol–Gel Processing for Optical Communication Technology

Cited by 17 publications

References 81 publications

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Technological aspects for Tb3+-doped luminescent sol–gel nanomaterials

Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Nanocomposites Formation

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