Sol-gel processed BaTiO3: Structural evolution from the gel to the crystalline powder

Barium titanate sols prepared by a diol-based sol–gel route

“…There are literature reports of the evolution of barium containing gel made from barium acetate in acetic acid; the gel was composed of an interconnecting 3D network of Ba 4 (CH3COO) 8 units [19]. It is plausible that in the present BT gels, prior to pyrolysis, similar Ba units coexist with the more linear [-O-Ti(acac) 2 -O-(CH 2 ) 3 -] n species.…”

Formation and characterization of sol–gel barium titanate

“…In this way, homogeneous barium titanate gels can be made by controlling the hydrolysis kinetics to avoid the precipitation. Lowering of the solution temperature is experimented [5] and chemical additives and complexing solvents like acetic acid [6] and 2-methoxyethanol are often used [7].…”

Solubility of Ba-acetate in mixed alcoholic solutions and its bearing on the synthesis of multi-component gels

“…To some extent, the higher molar solubility of Ba-acetate in acetic acid compared to water is responsible for this fact. Ba(OOCCH3)2 seems not to be dissociated in acetic acid solutions, in contrast to aqueous solutions [20]. This view is supported by the conductivity measurement of a 1M Ba-acetate solution in acetic acid giving 0.06 mSm2mo1-1 which is about 100 times lower than the conductivity of an aqueous solution (Fig.…”

“…6). According to Mosset et al [20] solid Ba-acetate is composed of typical Ba4(OOCCH3)s units which are present also in acetic acid solutions. Thus the character of Ba-acetate solutions depends strongly on the solvent and the chemical species present in an aqueous solution may change when acetic acid is added.…”