SoK of Used Cryptography in Blockchain

Raikwar, Mayank; Gligoroski, Danilo; Kralevska, Katina

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2946983

Cited by 103 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…As expected, this technology has also raised the attention of CE researchers. Blockchain can be defined as "a distributed ledger maintaining a continuously growing list of data records that are confirmed by all of the participating nodes" [82]. A block is a record which contains data, a value with the hash (digital fingerprint of an amount of data of the block) of the previous block, and a value that represents its own hash.…”

Section: Data Management and Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Information and Communication Technology Solutions for the Circular Economy

2020

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The concept of circular economy (CE) is becoming progressively popular with academia, industry, and policymakers, as a potential path towards a more sustainable economic system. Information and communication technology (ICT) systems have influenced every aspect of modern life and the CE is no exception. Cutting-edge technologies, such as big data, cloud computing, cyber-physical systems, internet of things, virtual and augmented reality, and blockchain, can play an integral role in the embracing of CE concepts and the rollout of CE programs by governments, organizations, and society as a whole. The current paper conducts an extensive academic literature review on prominent ICT solutions paving the way towards a CE. For the categorization of the solutions, a novel two-fold approach is introduced, focusing on both the technological aspect of the solutions (e.g., communications, computing, data analysis, etc.), and the main CE concept(s) employed (i.e., reduce, reuse, recycle and restore) that each solution is the most relevant to. The role of each solution in the transition to CE is highlighted. Results suggest that ICT solutions related to data collection and data analysis, and in particular to the internet of things, blockchain, digital platforms, artificial intelligence algorithms, and software tools, are amongst the most popular solutions proposed by academic researchers. Results also suggest that greater emphasis is placed on the “reduce” component of the CE, although ICT solutions for the other “R” components, as well as holistic ICT-based solutions, do exist as well. Specific important challenges impeding the adoption of ICT solutions for the CE are also identified and reviewed, with consumer and business attitude, economic costs, possible environmental impacts, lack of education around the CE, and lack of familiarization with modern technologies being found among the most prominent ones.

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Section: Data Management and Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Information and Communication Technology Solutions for the Circular Economy

2020

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“…These blocks can be used to create and verify transactions using hashing and cryptographic algorithms. Zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) is a new technology to add more security to the blockchain technology by using a third party, called the "prover", who can prove and verify the value without getting any information about the transaction, but who only possesses the secret information [46][47][48]. Liu, in 2019, used ZKP and multi-factor authentications to secure the verifier identity, which can also be used in many IoT devices and applications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CustodyBlock: A Distributed Chain of Custody Evidence Framework

Alruwaili

2021

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With the increasing number of cybercrimes, the digital forensics team has no choice but to implement more robust and resilient evidence-handling mechanisms. The capturing of digital evidence, which is a tangible and probative piece of information that can be presented in court and used in trial, is very challenging due to its volatility and improper handling procedures. When computer systems get compromised, digital forensics comes into play to analyze, discover, extract, and preserve all relevant evidence. Therefore, it is imperative to maintain efficient evidence management to guarantee the credibility and admissibility of digital evidence in a court of law. A critical component of this process is to utilize an adequate chain of custody (CoC) approach to preserve the evidence in its original state from compromise and/or contamination. In this paper, a practical and secure CustodyBlock (CB) model using private blockchain protocol and smart contracts to support the control, transfer, analysis, and preservation monitoring is proposed. The smart contracts in CB are utilized to enhance the model automation process for better and more secure evidence preservation and handling. A further research direction in terms of implementing blockchain-based evidence management ecosystems, and the implications on other different areas, are discussed.

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“…Finally, it is worth mentioning that hash functions are used in blockchains for generating user addresses (i.e., user public/private keys) or for shortening the size of public addresses [29], [30].…”

Section: ) Hash Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Post-Quantum Blockchain: A Review on Blockchain Cryptography Resistant to Quantum Computing Attacks

2020

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Blockchain and other Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) have evolved significantly in the last years and their use has been suggested for numerous applications due to their ability to provide transparency, redundancy and accountability. In the case of blockchain, such characteristics are provided through public-key cryptography and hash functions. However, the fast progress of quantum computing has opened the possibility of performing attacks based on Grover's and Shor's algorithms in the near future. Such algorithms threaten both public-key cryptography and hash functions, forcing to redesign blockchains to make use of cryptosystems that withstand quantum attacks, thus creating which are known as post-quantum, quantum-proof, quantum-safe or quantum-resistant cryptosystems. For such a purpose, this article first studies current state of the art on post-quantum cryptosystems and how they can be applied to blockchains and DLTs. Moreover, the most relevant post-quantum blockchain systems are studied, as well as their main challenges. Furthermore, extensive comparisons are provided on the characteristics and performance of the most promising post-quantum public-key encryption and digital signature schemes for blockchains. Thus, this article seeks to provide a broad view and useful guidelines on post-quantum blockchain security to future blockchain researchers and developers.

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SoK of Used Cryptography in Blockchain

Cited by 103 publications

References 115 publications

Information and Communication Technology Solutions for the Circular Economy

Information and Communication Technology Solutions for the Circular Economy

CustodyBlock: A Distributed Chain of Custody Evidence Framework

Towards Post-Quantum Blockchain: A Review on Blockchain Cryptography Resistant to Quantum Computing Attacks

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