Soils of the White Mountains of New Hampshire and Their Suitability for Recreational Development

Bailey, George D.; Pilgrim, Sidney A. L.

doi:10.2307/3673128

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In Vogelmann' view, the cryic temperature zone begins with a mix of hardwoods and softwoods extending to about 3200 ft and he feels that there is a distinct belt of mountain paper birch within this forest type. Above that, a krummholz or “crooked wood” zone of stunted spruce and balsam fir extends from 3200 ft to timerline at about 4300 to 4400 ft. Vogelmann' model of vertical vegetative zonation corresponds well with the model of Bailey and Pilgrim (1983), who describe a mixed hardwood‐conifer forest from 2460 to 3180 ft, then a coniferous forest to approximately 5000 ft, with a krummholz belt just below timberline. Slack and Bell (1995) set timberline at approximately the 12°C (54°F) isotherm for the warmest month of the year.…”

Section: Cryic Temperature Field Indicatorssupporting

confidence: 72%

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Mapping the High Mountain Soils of the Northeast United States

Villars

1996

Soil Horizons

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Section: Cryic Temperature Field Indicatorssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…However, in most cases, soil scientists feel the boundary spans no more than 100 ft or so in elevation. Bailey and Pilgrim (1983) set the lower cryic boundary at 2460 ft in the White Mountains. Superspodics are not currently mapped in New Hampshire.…”

Section: Cryic Temperature Field Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the High Mountain Soils of the Northeast United States

Villars

1996

Soil Horizons

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“…All sampling was conducted during the 2007 and 2008 growing seasons along Edmand's Path on Mount Eisenhower, a peak within the Presidential Range of the White Mountain National Forest, USA (44813 0 51 00 N, À71820 0 21 00 W; see Plate 1). Soils along the gradient are young, and soil parent material is glacial till formed during the retreat of the Wisconsin Ice Sheet, moderately coarse to coarse textured and lightly weathered (Bailey and Pilgrim 1983). Betula allegheniensis, Sorbus americana, Picea rubens, and Abies balsamifera were the dominant tree species along the gradient, and were found at every study site.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Increasing plant use of organic nitrogen with elevation is reflected in nitrogen uptake rates and ecosystem δ¹⁵N

Averill

Finzi

2011

Ecology

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It is hypothesized that decreasing mean annual temperature and rates of nitrogen (N) cycling causes plants to switch from inorganic to organic forms of N as the primary mode of N nutrition. To test this hypothesis, we conducted field experiments and collected natural-abundance delta15N signatures of foliage, soils, and ectomycorrhizal sporocarps along a steep elevation-climate gradient in the White Mountains, New Hampshire, USA. Here we show that with increasing elevation organic forms of N became the dominant source of N taken up by hardwood and coniferous tree species based on dual-labeled glycine uptake analysis, an important confirmation of an emerging theory for the biogeochemistry of the N cycle. Variation in natural abundance foliar delta15N with elevation was also consistent with increasing organic N uptake, though a simple, mass balance model demonstrated that the uptake of delta15N depleted inorganic N, rather than fractionation upon transfer of N from mycorrhizal fungi, best explains variations in foliar delta15N with elevation.

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“…In addition, splash from raindrops striking the soil surface causes detachment of soil increasing its availability for transport (Harden, 2001); this process is intensified if there is no overhead canopy (Dissmeyer & Foster, 1981). As mentioned, catastrophic rain events have been found to result in scouring and severe gully erosion on trails (Bailey & Pilgrim, 1983;S. K. Nepal, 2003;Summer, 1986).…”

Section: Climatementioning

confidence: 97%

“…Although not emphasized in four of the commonly referenced trail building manuals (AMC, 2008;Felton, 2004;Hesselbarth et al, 2007;T. S. Parker, 2004), these soil disturbing freeze-thaw cycles are in soil recreational suitability models (Bailey & Pilgrim, 1983) and, Hammitt and Cole (1998, p. 52) note that frost heave is more common on compacted, bare soils which form typical trail treads. In related research, Swift (1984) notes a doubling of erosion rates on bare tread of unsurfaced forest roads during winter freeze-thaw cycles in Southern Appalachia; and, winter run-off from bare soil agricultural fields is greatly increased during the thaw cycle although the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model is unable to predict the scale of the increase consistently (Greer, Wu, Singh, & McCool, 2006).…”

Section: Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

GIS Assisted Problem Analysis of Trail Erosion in Monongahela National Forest

Storck¹

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This research investigates the frequency and patterns of trail erosion on purposefully selected natural surface trails in Monongahela National Forest. Trail erosion is considered a non-self-limiting process which degrades trail beds making them unattractive, difficult to travel on, and has the potential to impact local streams with the introduction of silt. Recreation ecology research delineates factors which influence the rate of erosion on a trail into three broad categories: recreational use, environmental conditions, and managerial actions. This study tests the relationship of variables from each of these categories to the local patterns of erosion. Three sampling strategies are used to document the presence of erosion and to characterize recreational use, environmental conditions, and management parameters. Point samples taken at 600-foot intervals along 63 miles of trail provide information on maximum incision, and a problem census of erosion greater than five inches in depth for ten or more feet document the presence and extent of erosion on study trails. Use of over 500 high-quality field reference points collected with a Global Positioning System (GPS) allowed the placement of wheel distances for eroded segments onto trail routes in a Geographic Information System (GIS) for analysis with other secondary GIS data sets. This approach allowed each trail to be segmented into 600-foot linear segments providing a third sampling frame for consideration with the amount of linear erosion per segment as the dependent variable. These equal sized segments provide a manageable landscape scale unit of analysis. Additionally, GIS elevation data enabled the calculation of two independent variables which are new to trail erosion research, Topographic Relative Moisture Index (TRMI) and Estimated Upslope Flow Length (EUFL). The results of this study indicate trail erosion on the study trails is comparatively lower than other resource areas with occurrences limited to a subset of trails. Regression models show the primary factors influencing erosion rates for the Forest are recreational use, trail grade, low trail alignments, mid-slope trail positions, open canopies, mean annual precipitation, decreased winter temperature, TRMI, and EUFL yet the best model only predicted 26% of the occurrences of erosion. Of all the independent variables, average EUFL for linear trail segments described the most variance in the incidence of erosion. The significance of this finding is that there is a great need for shortening the distances water is allowed to travel on a trail with either water diversion structure installation and maintenance or trail rerouting. EUFL was also influential in the finding that low-gradient trails with limited use displayed disproportionately higher rates of erosion than other trails, a finding not well documented in previous research. As four of the eight significant predictor variables were GIS based, this study shows the usefulness of utilizing GIS in trail erosion research as it provides insights into lands...

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Soils of the White Mountains of New Hampshire and Their Suitability for Recreational Development

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Mapping the High Mountain Soils of the Northeast United States

Mapping the High Mountain Soils of the Northeast United States

Increasing plant use of organic nitrogen with elevation is reflected in nitrogen uptake rates and ecosystem δ¹⁵N

GIS Assisted Problem Analysis of Trail Erosion in Monongahela National Forest

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Soils of the White Mountains of New Hampshire and Their Suitability for Recreational Development

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Mapping the High Mountain Soils of the Northeast United States

Mapping the High Mountain Soils of the Northeast United States

Increasing plant use of organic nitrogen with elevation is reflected in nitrogen uptake rates and ecosystem δ15N

GIS Assisted Problem Analysis of Trail Erosion in Monongahela National Forest

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Increasing plant use of organic nitrogen with elevation is reflected in nitrogen uptake rates and ecosystem δ¹⁵N