Soil water content and freezing temperature affect freeze–thaw related N<sub>2</sub>O production in organic soil

Koponen, Hanna; Martikainen, Pertti J.

doi:10.1023/b:fres.0000035172.37839.24

Cited by 119 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In the present study, increased soil CO 2 emissions during FTCs have been found in both watering and snow cover treatments, which is in agreement with previous observations in various ecosystems (Koponen and Martikainen 2004;Goldberg et al 2008;Wu et al 2010a, b;Kim et al 2012). Stimulation of microbial metabolisms by enhanced substrate supply and physical mechanisms have been commonly considered as the reasons for these emission pulses (Priemé and Christensen 2001;Matzner and Borken 2008;De Bruijn et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In both watering and snow cover treatments, CO 2 emissions were highest in the first thawing cycle and decreased in following cycles, indicating that repeated FTCs might have considerable effects on microbial activity/population and labile substrate pools (Priemé and Christensen 2001;Goldberg et al 2008). .05, **P <0.001 (significance levels) a Soil gas concentration differences were calculated from the concentration of the lower sampling depth minus the concentration of the upper sampling depth Such a decrease of the initial CO 2 emissions during repeated FTCs has not only been reported in laboratory studies (Priemé and Christensen 2001;Koponen and Martikainen 2004), but also in several field observations (Holst et al 2008;Wu et al 2010b), which suggests that adjusting soil moisture by watering before soil freezing might not lead to significant differences in the CO 2 emission pattern during FTCs as compared to natural snow cover conditions. However, our results revealed that watering soil to a relatively high moisture level before freezing could induce significantly higher cumulative emissions of CO 2 during multiple FTCs as compared to the snow cover treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased CO 2 , N 2 O emissions and CH 4 uptakes have been frequently reported during soil freezing and thawing, both in laboratory (e.g., Koponen and Martikainen 2004;Goldberg et al 2008;Wu et al 2010a;Yao et al 2010) and field experiments (e.g., Papen and Butterbach-Bahl 1999;Groffman et al 2006;Holst et al 2008;Goldberg et al 2010;Wolf et al 2010). Moreover, some studies indicated that more than 50-70 % of the annual N 2 O emissions may be ascribed to freeze-thaw events (Goldberg et al 2010;Wolf et al 2010;Wu et al 2010b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Snow cover and soil moisture controls of freeze–thaw-related soil gas fluxes from a typical semi-arid grassland soil: a laboratory experiment

Brüggemann

Butterbach‐Bahl

et al. 2013

Biol Fertil Soils

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In situ field measurements as well as targeted laboratory studies have shown that freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) affect soil trace gas fluxes. However, most of past laboratory studies adjusted soil moisture before soil freezing, thereby neglecting that snow cover or water from melting snow may modify effects of FTCs on soil trace gas fluxes. In the present laboratory study with a typical semi-arid grassland soil, three different soil moisture levels (32 %, 41 %, and 50 % WFPS) were established (a) prior to soil freezing or (b) by adding fresh snow to the soil surface after freezing to simulate field conditions and the effect of the melting snow on CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O fluxes during FTCs more realistically. Our results showed that adjusting soil moisture by watering before soil freezing resulted in significantly different cumulative fluxes of CH 4 , CO 2 , and N 2 O throughout three FTCs as compared to the snow cover treatment, especially at a relatively high soil moisture level of 50 % WFPS. An increase of N 2 O emissions was observed during thawing for both treatments. However, in the watering treatment, this increase was highest in the first thawing cycle and decreased in successive cycles, while in the snow cover treatment, a repetition of the FTCs resulted in a further increase of N 2 O emissions. These differences might be partly due to the different soil water dynamics during FTCs in the two treatments. CO 2 emissions were a function of soil moisture, with emissions being largest at 50 % WFPS and smallest at 32 % WFPS. The largest N 2 O emissions were observed at WFPS values around 50 %, whereas there were only small or negligible N 2 O emissions from soil with relatively low soil water content, which indicates that a threshold value of soil moisture might exist that triggers N 2 O peaks during thawing.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Snow cover and soil moisture controls of freeze–thaw-related soil gas fluxes from a typical semi-arid grassland soil: a laboratory experiment

Brüggemann

Butterbach‐Bahl

et al. 2013

Biol Fertil Soils

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“…1), which is most likely due to N limitation as the previous fertilization was conducted almost four months earlier (see Saarnio et al 2013). After thawing, a clear burst of N 2 O was observed, which is in line with previous studies (Koponen andMartikainen 2004, Matzner andBorken 2008), and after two weeks the rate of N 2 O flux was back to near zero (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…This sets additional challenges for food production, as agriculture contributes about 14% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and is the biggest anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) (IPCC 2007). In the boreal zone, soil freeze-thaw (FT) cycles can affect soil nitrogen (N) by increasing the concentration of nitrate (NO 3 -) and ammonium (NH 4 + ) in the soil (Yu et al 2011), by generating an increased efflux of N 2 O (Teepe et al 2001, Koponen and Martikainen 2004, Matzner and Borken 2008 and by posing a risk for N leaching during the snow and soil thawing in spring, which induce melt-water leaching from fields in late April-May. To ameliorate these problems, cultivation techniques must be developed to keep N in the soil and thus increase N utilization by plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar can restrict N2O emissions and the risk of nitrogen leaching from an agricultural soil during the freeze-thaw period

Kettunen¹,

Saarnio²

2013

AFSci

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Freeze-thaw (FT) events in soils can cause a burst of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and enhance N leaching during the springthaw event. We studied whether a soil amended with wood-derived (spruce chips) biochar (10 tonnes ha -1 ), produced at rather low temperatures (400-450°C), could reduce the burst of N 2 O and the risk of N leaching from an agricultural soil after a FT event. A short-term laboratory experiment (4 weeks) was conducted with 24 vegetated (Phleum pratense) mesocosms (12 controls, 12 biochar-treated) that had spent a dormant season in the dark at 15°C for two months after the growing season. N 2 O efflux to the atmosphere and ammonium (NH 4 + -N) and nitrate (NO 3 -N) in the percolated soil water were monitored before and after the FT event. N 2 O was monitored with the dark chamber method and analyzed using a gas chromatograph. We found that soil amended biochar can significantly diminish the burst of N 2 O after the soil FT event (by 61% just after FT event) and substantially reduce the risk of NO 3 -N and NH 4 + -N leaching from the agricultural soil. Compared to the control, the decrement in concentrations of NO 3 -N and NH 4 + -N in water percolated through the biochar amended soil in the mesocosms was 58% and 22%, respectively.

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Fluxes of climate‐relevant trace gases between a Norway spruce forest soil and atmosphere during repeated freeze–thaw cycles in mesocosms

Goldberg

Muhr

Borken

et al. 2008

Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk.

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For this century, an increasing frequency of extreme meteorological boundary conditions is expected, presumably resulting in a changing frequency of freezing and thawing of soils in higher‐elevation areas. Our current knowledge about the effects of these events on trace‐gas emissions from soils is scarce. In this study, the effects of freeze–thaw events on the fluxes of the trace gases CO2, N2O, and NO between soil and atmosphere were investigated in a laboratory experiment. Undisturbed soil columns were collected from a mature Norway spruce forest in the “Fichtelgebirge”, SE Germany. The influence of freezing temperatures (–3°C, –8°C, –13°C) on gas fluxes was studied during the thawing periods (+5°C) in three freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) and compared to unfrozen controls (+5°C). Two different types of soil columns were examined in parallel—one consisting of O layer only (O columns) and one composed of O layer and mineral soil horizons (O+M columns)—to quantify the contribution of the organic layer and the top mineral soil to the production or consumption of these trace gases. During the thawing period, we observed increasing emissions of CO2, N2O, and NO from the spruce forest soil, but the cumulative emissions of these gases did mostly not exceed the level of the controls. The results show that the O layers were mainly involved in the gas production. Severe soil frost increased CO2 fluxes during soil thawing, whereas repetition of the freeze–thaw events decreased CO2 fluxes from the thawing soil. Fluxes of N2O and NO were neither influenced by freezing temperature nor by freeze–thaw repetition. Stable‐isotope analysis indicated that denitrification was mostly responsible for the N2O production in the FTC columns. Furthermore, isotope data demonstrated a consumption of N2O through microbial denitrification to N2. It was further shown, that production of N2O also occurred in the mineral horizons. The NO emissions were mainly driven by increasing soil temperature during thawing. In this freeze–thaw experiment up to 20 times higher NO than N2O fluxes were recorded. Our results suggest that topsoil thawing has little potential to increase the emissions of CO2, N2O, and NO in spruce forest soils.

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Soil water content and freezing temperature affect freeze–thaw related N₂O production in organic soil

Cited by 119 publications

References 24 publications

Snow cover and soil moisture controls of freeze–thaw-related soil gas fluxes from a typical semi-arid grassland soil: a laboratory experiment

Snow cover and soil moisture controls of freeze–thaw-related soil gas fluxes from a typical semi-arid grassland soil: a laboratory experiment

Biochar can restrict N2O emissions and the risk of nitrogen leaching from an agricultural soil during the freeze-thaw period

Fluxes of climate‐relevant trace gases between a Norway spruce forest soil and atmosphere during repeated freeze–thaw cycles in mesocosms

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Soil water content and freezing temperature affect freeze–thaw related N2O production in organic soil

Cited by 119 publications

References 24 publications

Snow cover and soil moisture controls of freeze–thaw-related soil gas fluxes from a typical semi-arid grassland soil: a laboratory experiment

Snow cover and soil moisture controls of freeze–thaw-related soil gas fluxes from a typical semi-arid grassland soil: a laboratory experiment

Biochar can restrict N2O emissions and the risk of nitrogen leaching from an agricultural soil during the freeze-thaw period

Fluxes of climate‐relevant trace gases between a Norway spruce forest soil and atmosphere during repeated freeze–thaw cycles in mesocosms

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Soil water content and freezing temperature affect freeze–thaw related N₂O production in organic soil