Soil transmitted helminth infections are not associated with compromised antibody responses to previously administered measles and tetanus vaccines among HIV-1 infected, ART naïve Kenyan adults

Abstract

In many regions of sub-Saharan Africa, both HIV and helminth infections are prevalent. HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) and helminth infections can both compromise immune responses in humans. To determine whether the presence of helminth infection or the treatment of helminth infection alters unstimulated vaccine responses among HIV-1 infected individuals, we conducted two nested serologic studies. Blood samples were collected for HIV disease monitoring and vaccine-specific serologic assays, while stool was evaluated by direct microscopy methods. We compared antibody responses to measles and tetanus vaccines in helminth-infected (Ascaris, Trichuris, hookworm and/or Schistosoma mansoni) and uninfected adults 18 years and older (n = 100). We also compared measles and tetanus antibody responses in Ascaris only-infected adults receiving 400 mg albendazole daily for 3 days (n = 16) vs. placebo (n = 19) in a separate study. In both cohorts, over 70% of participants had measles and tetanus responses above the protective threshold. Prevalence of measles responses were similar between helminth-infected and uninfected individuals (82%, 95% CI: 71–93% vs 72%, 95% CI: 59–85%), as well as log10 tetanus antibody levels (− 0.133 IU/mL vs − 0.190 IU/mL, p > 0.05), and did not differ by helminth species. In the Ascaris-infected cohort, changes in measles responses and tetanus responses did not differ between those who received anthelminthic vs. placebo (p > 0.05 for both). In these studies, neither helminth infection, nor deworming, appeared to affect previously administered vaccine responsiveness in HIV-1 infected, ART naïve, adults in Kenya.

Effects of schistosomes on host anti-viral immune response and the acquisition, virulence, and prevention of viral infections: A systematic review

“…schistosome infection status [133]. Overall, these results suggest that active schistosome infection at the time of measles vaccination may impair anti-measles antibody response.…”

“…mansoni had lower anti-measles IgG titers than those born to uninfected mothers [ 131 ], although no titer differences were observed in one-year-olds [ 132 ] and neither study determined schistosome infection status of the children. In HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve adults, anti-measles IgG titers were similar regardless of schistosome infection status [ 133 ]. Overall, these results suggest that active schistosome infection at the time of measles vaccination may impair anti-measles antibody response.…”

Immunological Considerations for Schistosoma Vaccine Development: Transitioning to Endemic Settings

“…Particularly, existing Onchocerca infection significantly decreases immune response to tetanus vaccination compared to subjects without helminth infection ( 108 ). On the other hand, STH infections do not alter IgG antibody responses to previously administered measles and tetanus vaccines ( 109 ). Hence, with the changing lifestyle, better hygiene practices and anti-helminth treatment, there is a gradual reduction in helminth infections in many LMIC and one would expect better vaccine responses.…”