Soil–skin adherence measures from hand press trials in a Gulf study of exposures

Dwivedi

Ehindero

et al. 2020

Self Cite

Skin adherence (SA) of soil affects exposure from soil contaminants through dermal routes via loading on the skin and through ingestion routes through hand to mouth activities. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationships between adherence versus child-specific and environmental factors. Two sets of soil-to-skin adherence were evaluated. The first was based on loading on hands following hand presses (Hand SA). The second was based on body rinses following one hour of play activities on the beach (Body SA). Results for 98–119 children conducted at four beach sites show that mean Hand SA was 35.7 mg/cm2 (std. dev. 41.8 mg/cm2), while Body SA based on full coverage was 352.3 mg/cm2 (std. dev. 250.4 mg/cm2). Statistically significant differences in Body SA were observed between male (419.2 mg/cm2) and female (300.4 mg/cm2) children (p < 0.05). No significant difference by sex was found for Hand SA. Other statistically different observations were that Hand SA (p < 0.05), but not Body SA, differed across the four beaches (p < 0.05). For Hand SA, this difference was associated soil size variability across the beaches. Hand and Body SA values measured during this study are recommended for use in risk assessments that evaluate beach exposures to oil spill chemicals for young children.

Section: Hand Press Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil, Hand, and Body Adherence Measures across Four Beach Areas: Potential Influence on Exposure to Oil Spill Chemicals

Dwivedi

Ehindero

et al. 2020

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“…Contact frequencies and sequential data, for example, can be quantified and used in risk assessment algorithms to address the dynamics of loading at the skin surface. This research is supplemented by previously published survey data that include macro-activity, such as the number of visits to beach and time typically spent [26] and adherence of sands to the hands and body of children [30,37]. Future work will compare micro-activity field with survey data on children's activity patterns that were previously published, where parents relied on recall to advise how their children like to spend time (in Seawater versus Intertidal zones) [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantified Activity Patterns for Young Children in Beach Environments Relevant for Exposure to Contaminants

Dwivedi

Adelabu

et al. 2021

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In a study to evaluate beach play activities, 120 children were videotaped to observe and quantify factors that could influence their exposure to contaminants in the beach environment. Children aged 1 to 6 years were followed by researchers with video cameras at beaches (two in Miami, Florida and two in Galveston, Texas) for approximately one hour each. Factors evaluated included time spent in various beach locations, various activities engaged in, and various surfaces contacted (including contacts by hand and mouth). Activities recorded in the videos were transcribed to text files to allow for quantitative analyses. Across all sexes, age groups, and beaches, Wading was the most common activity and Seawater was the most common location where children played. The left hand was found to not be in contact with objects most of the time, while the right hand, considered the most dominant hand in most cases, contacted Plastic-Toys the most. Although activity patterns collection through videotaping and videotranslation can be labor-intensive, once collected, they can be widely useful for estimates of exposures to all contaminants in the beach environment (e.g., microorganisms and chemicals) as well as UV exposure, with considerations for whether the contaminants are found in water, sand or both. These activity patterns were collected to potentially look at exposures following the Deepwater Horizon 2010 Spill.

“…Future assessments using data from video observations from the BEACHES study regarding sequential loading events will refine the exposure assessment and likely impact risk estimations associated with dermal exposure. Additionally, the equation used to calculate dose from dermal exposure incorporates adherence and absorption factors, but does not consider sand particle size distribution or whether sand is wet or dry-both factors impact the amount of time contaminated sand is in contact with skin [23,44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children's greater frequency of hand-to-mouth contact also puts them at higher risk of exposure from non-dietary ingestion routes [15]. There have been studies in residential settings evaluating the dynamics of children's behavior in the environment and subsequent exposures to hazards [16,17], and some investigations characterizing children's exposure-related activities in the beach environment [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Shoaf et al [19] evaluated the extent of dermal exposure by children to sediment in a tide flat by collecting information from parents regarding children's play behavior as well as measuring adherence of sediment to children's skin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Health Risks to Children Associated with Recreational Play on Oil Spill-Contaminated Beaches

Altomare

Tarwater

et al. 2020

Self Cite

The human health impact from exposure to contaminated shorelines following an oil spill event has been investigated to some extent. However, the health risks to children have largely been characterized through the use of surveys and extrapolation from adult health outcomes. There is limited information on children’s behaviors during beach play requiring assumptions made based on observations from play activities in home settings. The Beach Exposure and Child Health Study (BEACHES) quantified specific beach activities that can be used to inform human health risk assessments of children playing on beaches impacted by oil spills. The results of this study characterize children’s risk of cancer from exposure to oil spill chemicals by incorporating exposure-related information collected from the BEACHES study and by assuming oral, dermal, and inhalation exposure routes. Point risk estimates are compared with a previous, similar study that applied default exposure parameter values obtained from the published literature. The point risk estimates informed by BEACHES data are one order of magnitude lower compared with the previous risk assessment, with dermal exposures the overall risk driver in both. Additional Monte Carlo simulations evaluating the BEACHES data provide ranges of health risks with the highest estimates associated with dermal and oral exposure routes.