T he southeastern United States is the world's largest industrial wood producer, with approximately 16 million hectares of industrial pine timberland (Prestemon and Abt, 2002;Haynes, 2002;Smith et al., 2004). Wood demand from this region is expected to increase, and the land base dedicated to silvicultural practices is expected to continue to shift from natural forests owned by nonindustrial private landowners to pine plantations (Allen et al., 2005). Thus, the role of intensive forest management to maintain and increase wood production is increasing in significance (Borders and Bailey, 2001;Fox, 2000;Martin and Shiver, 2002).Since the 1950s, mechanical site preparation has been considered essential to southern pine plantation management (Martin and Shiver, 2002 • Growth responses to tillage occur across fertilization and competition control treatments.• Tree size was not well predicted by mean soil resistance.• Soil resistance in the 0-to 0.15-m depth increment delineated an upper bound for tree size two years after planting.