Soil persistence of DDT, dieldrin, and lindane over a long period

Martijn, Albertus; Bakker, H.; Schreuder, Robert

doi:10.1007/bf00198878

Cited by 74 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…2 and 3), i.e., on the farms that, among those studied, have been devoted to horticulture for the longest period (60 yr). This finding is in accord with those of numerous studies in which soil pesticide contents have been found to depend on the time for which the soil has been cultivated (Szeto and Price 1991;Martijn et al 1993;Kathpal et al 1997). Most pesticide concentrations are lower on the other two Sector 1 farms, the 35-yr-old Farm 2 and the 40-yr-old Farm 3, and in Sectors 2 and 3, where farm age ranges from 15 to 50 yr (Figs.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…It is plausible that the low mobility of these pesticides is due not only to their well-known common chemical characteristics, but also in part to the nature of these soils and, to a greater extent, to the low rainfall in this region. Dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor epoxide, DDT and the DDT metabolites DDD and DDE are particularly persistent, probably because of their great chemical stability and resistance to biological attack (Martijn et al 1993).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils of the horticultural belt of Bahía Blanca (Argentina)

Andrade¹,

Reyzabal²,

Covelo³

et al. 2005

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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The land around Bahía Blanca, Argentina, has been farmed intensively for six decades. We report the concentrations of a number of organochlorine pesticides (DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor epoxide and lindane), and of DDT metabolites (DDD + DDE) in three different layers (0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm) of the soils in 44 fields of eight farms that have been devoted to horticulture for periods ranging from 15 to 60 yr. In spite of the horticultural use of these substances having been banned for the past 13–35 yr, high concentrations were found – up to nearly 12 mg kg-1 for DDT + DDD + DDE, 17 mg kg-1 for dieldrin, 4 mg kg-1 for endrin, 7 mg kg-1 for heptachlor epoxide and 0.8 mg kg-1 for lindane. The highest concentrations of DDT, dieldrin, endrin and heptachlor epoxide were found on the oldest farms, the highest levels of DDD + DDE on middle-aged farms (35–40 yr), and the hi ghest levels of lindane on 15–40-year-old farms that had rather lower soil pH than the older farms. Concentrations invariably decreased slightly with increasing depth, and for DDT, dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide they exhibited significant positive correlation with soil organic matter content. Principal components analysis confirmed the distinguishability of three groups of analytes: one comprising DDT, dieldrin, endrin and heptachlor epoxide associated with higher soil organic matter and clay contents; and two singletons, DDD + DDE associated with higher pH and lindane. We conclude that these pesticides have very limited mobility in these semiarid alkaline soils. Key words: Organochlorine, semiarid soils, horticulture, depth variation.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organochlorine pesticides in soils of the horticultural belt of Bahía Blanca (Argentina)

Andrade¹,

Reyzabal²,

Covelo³

et al. 2005

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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“…Since o,p¢-DDT is more unstable than p,p¢-DDT in the environment (Martijn et al 1993), it was impossible that the ratio of o,p¢-DDT/p,p¢-DDT was higher than that of technical DDT, whereas the characteristic of ''dicofol type DDT pollution'' was with a higher o,p¢-DDT/ p,p¢-DDT ratio than of technical DDT. Generally, o,p¢-DDT/ p,p¢-DDT ranged from 0.2-0.3 in technical DDT and from 1.3-9.3 or higher in technical dicofol (Qiu et al 2005).…”

Section: Ddtsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of HCHs and DDTs in Soils from Beijing City, China

Zhu

Liu

et al. 2006

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Abstract. Concentrations of HCH isomers, DDT, and its metabolites have been measured in 63 soil samples collected in the urban area and outskirts of Beijing City. HCHs and DDTs were observed in all samples and their geometric mean levels were 5.78 and 38.21 ng g)1, respectively. The spatial distribution of OCPs in Beijing was clearly showed by the contour map, suggesting the sites with the higher level of OCPs are located in the west and the south region and urban areas within the study regions.ÕÕ Furthermore, a t-test showed a significant difference of the level of some compounds between urban and outskirts areas. The temporal distribution of HCHs and DDTs suggested that the historical application of OCPs has a great effect on the residual level.

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“…Half-lives of less than 5 yr have been reported in Maine forest soils (Nash and Woolson 1967), in southwestern Ontario soils (Frank et al 1974), and in Maryland soils (Beyer and Gish 1980). Longer half-lives have also been reported: 10 yr in Ontario soils (Harris et al 1977), 10 yr in forest soils in New Brunswick (Yule 1973), 15-20 yr in soils in the Netherlands (Martijn et al 1993), 10-30 yr in Maine forest soils (Dimond and Owen 1996;Owen et al 1977), and up to 35 yr in Maryland soils (Nash and Woolson 1967). The shorter half-lives could reflect the rapid loss of DDT due to volatilization during the initial few years following DDT application, with the later binding of DDT to soil particles slowing its degradation (Aisabie et al 1997;Alexander 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and persistence of DDT in soil at a sand dune-marsh environment: Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada

Crowe¹,

Smith²

2007

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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Crowe, A. S. and Smith, J. E. 2007. Distribution and persistence of DDT in soil at a sand dune-marsh environment: Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 87: 315-327. DDT was applied at Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada, between 1948 and1970 for mosquito control in recreational areas and pest control in former agricultural areas. Recent soil sampling programs produced 275 analyses enabling a statistical comparison of DDT concentrations with land use areas, soil conditions, and hydrologic characteristics. Concentrations of ΣDDT ranged over several orders of magnitude, with the highest concentrations (maximum 316 000 ng g -1 ) in former agricultural areas and the lowest concentrations in the natural sand dunes (maximum of 116 ng g -1 ). DDT is undergoing degradation at Point Pelee along two pathways. DDT is transformed aerobically to DDE within the sandy soils exhibiting average %DDT, %DDE and %DDD of 40%, 55%, and 5% of ΣDDT, respectively. DDT is transformed anaerobically to DDD and DDE within the marsh and flooded soils averaging 14% DDT, 44% DDE, and 42% DDD, respectively. The half-lives for the transformation of DDT to DDE within the well-drained and aerobic sandy soils at Point Pelee are highly variable and were estimated to range from 20 to 50 yr. Given the high concentrations of ΣDDT at Point Pelee and the long half-life, it is expected that DDT will remain at concentrations of concern for many decades. , on a appliqué du DDT à la pointe Pelée, une région de l'Ontario (Canada), pour lutter contre les moustiques dans les aires récréatives et pour combattre les parasites dans les anciennes zones agricoles. De récents programmes d'échantillonnage du sol ont permis 275 analyses qui devaient servir à comparer la concentration de DDT selon la vocation des terres, l'état du sol et l'hydrologie. La concentration de ΣDDT varie de plusieurs ordres de grandeur, la plus élevée (maximum de 316 000 ng/g) ayant été observée dans les vieilles zones agricoles et la plus faible, dans les dunes de sable naturelles (maximum de 116 ng/g). À la pointe Pelée, le DDT se dégrade de deux façons. Il se transforme de manière aérobie en DDE dans les sols sablonneux, avec une moyenne pour le DDT, le DDE et le DDD de 40 %, 55 % et 5 % du ΣDDT, respectivement, et de manière anaérobie en DDD et DDE dans les marais et les sols inondés avec une moyenne de 14 % de DDT, de 44 % de DDE et de 42 % de DDD, respectivement. La demi-vie nécessaire à la transformation du DDT en DDE dans les sols bien drainés et sablonneux aérobies de la pointe Pelée varie considérablement, avec une fourchette estimative de 20 à 50 ans. Étant donné la forte concentration de ΣDDT à la pointe Pelée et la longue demi-vie du DDT, on s'attend à ce que la concentration de ce pesticide demeure problématique pendant de nombreuses décennies encore.

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Soil persistence of DDT, dieldrin, and lindane over a long period

Cited by 74 publications

References 1 publication

Organochlorine pesticides in soils of the horticultural belt of Bahía Blanca (Argentina)

Organochlorine pesticides in soils of the horticultural belt of Bahía Blanca (Argentina)

Distribution of HCHs and DDTs in Soils from Beijing City, China

Distribution and persistence of DDT in soil at a sand dune-marsh environment: Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada

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