Soil Microorganisms of the McMurdo Sound Area, Antarctica

Boyd, William L.; Boyd, Josephine W.

doi:10.1128/aem.11.2.116-121.1963

Cited by 33 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…Penguin rookeries and nearby gravel were negative. These results compare favorably with those obtained on Ross Island, where the same situation prevailed with thermophiles (Boyd and Boyd 1963); counts of mesophilic spore-formers were not carried out in the former study, so no comparison can be made. Most of the sea level areas possessed detectable numbers of molds.…”

Section: Microbial Countssupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Most of the sea level areas possessed detectable numbers of molds. Unlike the adelie rookery on Ross Island, however, the nearby gentoo rookery also possessed a high mold count ; bacterial numbers in all cases were also higher than previously reported (Boyd and Boyd 1963, Siel::iurth 1963, Meyer, Morrow, and Wyss 1967.…”

Section: Microbial Countscontrasting

confidence: 48%

“…Penguin rookeries have a demonstrable flora as might be expected, but in other areas the organic phase of the soil is rather low or non-existent, and higher vegetation is restricted to occasional clumps of lichens or mosses. Soils as such do not exist in many instances since both an organic and living phase may not be present (Boyd and Boyd 1963). Detailed reports of lichens and mosses of this area have been published by Rudolph ( 1966).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil Microorganisms at Paradise Harbor, Antarctica

Boyd¹,

Rothenbg²,

Boyd³

1970

Ecology

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Bacterial counts were generally higher and molds were much more extensive and widely distributed at Paradise Harbor on the Antarctic Peninsula well above the Antarctic Circle, than in areas to the south. Thermophilic bacteria were fou~d only in soils that had been disturbed or contaminated by man and other animals. Mesophilic counts on media made with deioni~ed or sea water, with few exceptions, were in the same range as psychrophiles. Spore-formmg bac~eria were present in regions where contamination had taken place or where birds nested. Dunng the short summer, significant growth response of the soil microflora to organic additives (peptone and glucose) was observed. However, no correlations could be made with physiological and metabolic activity, which showed no measurable increase.

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Section: Microbial Countssupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Microbial Countscontrasting

confidence: 48%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil Microorganisms at Paradise Harbor, Antarctica

Boyd¹,

Rothenbg²,

Boyd³

1970

Ecology

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“…Penguin guano and ornithogenic soils both have particularly high nitrogen contents (Table I) with uric acid as the dominant nitrogen species (Lindeboom 1984). Uric acid degrades through allantoin and urea to ammonium in summer when soils thaw (Boyd & Boyd 1963, Legrand et al 1998. Ammonium, as an end product of the breakdown, can be partly lost to the atmosphere as ammonia (Legrand et al 1998).…”

Section: Effects Of Toc and Tn Contents On Nh 3 Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential ammonia emissions from penguin guano, ornithogenic soils and seal colony soils in coastal Antarctica: effects of freezing-thawing cycles and selected environmental variables

et al. 2010

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Very little attention has been paid to quantifying ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions from Antarctic marine animal excreta. In this paper, penguin guano and ornithogenic soils from four penguin colonies and seal colony soils were collected in coastal Antarctica, and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate potential NH 3 emissions and effects of environmental factors on NH 3 fluxes. Ammonia fluxes were extremely low from the frozen samples. Significantly enhanced NH 3 emissions were observed following thawing. The mean fluxes were 7.66 ± 4.33 mg NH 3 kg -1 h -1 from emperor penguin guano, 1.31 ± 0.64 mg NH 3 kg -1 h -1 from Adélie penguin guano and 0.33 ± 0.39 mg NH 3 kg -1 h -1 from seal colony soils during the thawing period. Ammonia emissions from penguin guano were higher than those from ornithogenic soils during freezing-thawing cycles (FTCs). The temperature, pH, total nitrogen (TN) and drying-wetting conversion had an important effect on NH 3 fluxes. For the first time, we provide a quantitative relationship between NH 3 flux and temperature, TN and pH. Our results show that marine animal excreta and ornithogenic soils are significant NH 3 emission sources. In coastal Antarctica, FTC-induced NH 3 emissions might account for a large proportion of annual flux from marine animal colonies due to high freezing-thawing frequency.

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“…Such changes in the nitrogen compounds between penguin droppings and occupied Antarctic omithogenic soils are likely to reflect the uric acid degradation[Hutchinson, 1950] in a sequence of processes through allantoin and urea to ammonium and glyoxylic acid to oxalate (Figure 3). Even in Antarctica, the breakdown of uric acid in omithogenic soils can proceed efficiently for a few weeks in summer, when soil temperatures rise above freezing (from November to the end of January[Boyd and Boyd, 1963]. The breakdown being mainly biological, major limiting factors are temperature, moisture, and enzyme activity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%