Soil Liquefaction, Landslides, and Subsidences

Bardet, Jean-Pierre; Seed, Raymond B.; Çetin, Kemal Önder; Lettis, William R.; Rathje, Ellen M.; Rau, Greg H.; Ural, D.; Baturay, M. B.; Boulanger, RW; Bray, Jonathan D.; Erten, Duygu; Frost, David J.; Kaya, Abidin

doi:10.1193/1.1586151

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 0 publications

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“…Liquefaction and subsidence of the river delta were observed at the Sapanca Hotel along the southern shore, close to cores K6 and K7 (Fig. 2), and lateral spread of the southern shore was also observed (Bardet et al, 2000;Cetin et al, 2002).…”

Section: And 9) These Event Layers Include the Reworked (R) Turbidimentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The 1967 earthquake (Ms 7.1) had an epicentre 40 km from Sapanca and produced liquefaction at the southern shore of the lake, subsidence of the river delta, ground failure and building damage around the lake (Ambraseys and Zatopek, 1969;Bardet et al, 2000;Palyvos et al, 2007). Thus, we conclude that Event 3 most likely records the 1967 Mudurnu Valley earthquake (Table 2).…”

Section: And 9) These Event Layers Include the Reworked (R) Turbidimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Palaeolimnology of Lake Sapanca and identification of historic earthquake signals, Northern Anatolian Fault Zone (Turkey)

Schwab

Werner

Dulski³

et al. 2009

Quaternary Science Reviews

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Lake Sapanca is located on a strand of the Northern Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ, Turkey), where a series of strong earthquakes (Ms > 6.0) have occurred over the past hundred years. Identifying prehistoric earthquakes in and around Lake Sapanca is key to a the better understanding of plate movements along the NAFZ. This study contributes to the development of palaeolimnological tools to identify past earthquakes in Lake Sapanca. To this end several promising proxies were investigated, specifically lithology, magnetic susceptibility, grain size (thin-section and laser analysis), geochemistry, pollen concentration, diatom assemblages, demonstrates that a combination of indicators can be used to recognize earthquakerelated event layers in cores that encompass a longer period of time.

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Section: And 9) These Event Layers Include the Reworked (R) Turbidimentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: And 9) These Event Layers Include the Reworked (R) Turbidimentioning

confidence: 99%

Palaeolimnology of Lake Sapanca and identification of historic earthquake signals, Northern Anatolian Fault Zone (Turkey)

Schwab

Werner

Dulski³

et al. 2009

Quaternary Science Reviews

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“…The occurrence of liquefaction does not always cause these effects, particularly if the liquefaction occurs on level ground and the liquefi ed layer is deeply buried. For example, liquefaction-induced ground failure during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey and 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan typically were restricted to areas where liquefi ed layers are thick and occur at shallow depth, and within ~100 m of shorelines and free faces such as stream banks and coastlines (e.g., Bardet and Seed, 2001). Microzonation of these areas and quantifi cation of liquefaction-induced effects requires dense borehole data and specifi c engineering analyses that are beyond the scope of this regional susceptibility mapping study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction susceptibility zonation map of San Juan, Puerto Rico

Hengesh¹,

Bachhuber²

2005

Active Tectonics and Seismic Hazards of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Offshore Areas

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This paper discusses development of a 1:20,000 scale liquefaction susceptibility map for the San Juan Quadrangle of Puerto Rico. San Juan, with an estimated population of 434,000, is the capital of Puerto Rico, and the most important U.S. commercial and industrial center in the Caribbean region. Puerto Rico is located in a seismically active region characterized by the convergence and lateral translation of the North America and Caribbean plates. Large earthquakes in 1670, 1787, 1867, and 1918 caused signifi cant damage to major parts of the island, including the San Juan area. Paleoliquefaction features, possibly caused by at least three different earthquakes since A.D. 1300, have been found in Holocene fl oodplain sediments at several sites in western Puerto Rico (Tuttle et al., this volume). The historic earthquakes and paleoliquefaction features demonstrate that the opportunity exists for future liquefaction events to occur in Puerto Rico.The liquefaction susceptibility map was developed through a fi ve step process including (1) preparation of a detailed Quaternary geology map delineating deposit age, depositional environment, and texture; (2) evaluation of Quaternary deposit thickness and depth to groundwater; (3) initial evaluation of relative liquefaction susceptibility (decision tree); (4) liquefaction triggering evaluation using geotechnical borehole data and the Seed and Idriss (1971b) "simplifi ed procedure"; and, (5) identifi cation of units of similar susceptibility and the defi nition of liquefaction susceptibility zones. The map depicts fi ve liquefaction hazard zones for the greater San Juan metropolitan area that range from very low hazard to very high hazard. Areas of very high hazard occur along the edges of Bahia de San Juan and Laguna San Jose. Extensive swamp deposits and artifi cial fi ll over swamp deposits containing loose sandy soils occur in these areas. Areas of high hazard occur along the beach and areas in the vicinity of the airport. Most of the area to the south of Bahia de San Juan and Laguna San Jose lies within moderate, low, or very low hazard zones.

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