Soil internal forces contribute more than raindrop impact force to rainfall splash erosion

Hu, Feinan; Liu, Jingfang; Xu, Chenyang; Du, Wei; Yang, Zhihua; Liu, Xinmin; Liu, Gang; Zhao, Shiwei

doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.05.031

Cited by 47 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…(b) Relation (p < 0.001) between soil loss and runoff for the same 48 rain simulations, but the data were separated based on the difference in rain kinetic energy (medium, 8 kJ m −3 , and high, 15.9 kJ m −3 ) and water quality (fresh water and treated wastewater) microaggregates are much less susceptible to external influences than macroaggregates (Christensen, 2001). Therefore, an increase in sodicity markedly (a) decreased the amount of macroaggregates under fast wetting and consequently intensified the generation of runoff, (b) clogged soil drainable pores with dispersed clay particles and (c) enhanced aggregate disintegration, detachment and transport, and micro-rill formation (Supporting Information Figure S3) under rain with deionized water (Hu et al, 2018;Mamedov et al, 2000;Mamedov et al, 2002;Levy et al, 2003). Separating the soil samples by sodicity gave larger R 2 values for SLRR than separating them by wetting rate (Figure 5a,b), showing that although increasing sodicity and wetting rate might have comparable effects (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…tillage, plant residue, crop rotation, antecedent moisture and drainage). Furthermore, agricultural management practices, such as tillage, crop rotation, application of amendments and quality of irrigation water, also affect soil properties through their effect on soil hydraulic characteristics, and soil sensitivity to runoff generation and erosion (Hu et al, 2018;Mamedov, Shainberg, Letey, & Levy, 2002). Although runoff is responsible for transporting the eroded soil and contaminants, knowledge of the relations between soil loss and runoff at different scales is still meagre (Maetens et al, 2012;Parsons et al, 2015;Zheng, Cai, & Cheng, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil erosion–runoff relations on cultivated land: Insights from laboratory studies

Mamedov

Levy

2019

European J Soil Science

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Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is a major problem in semiarid and arid regions. Understanding the processes and mechanisms affecting the generation of runoff and subsequent soil erosion in these regions is essential for the development of improved soil and water conservation and crop management practices. We performed a meta‐analysis of both published and unpublished runoff and soil erosion data and the relations between them; data were obtained from numerous semiarid regions (211 samples, 720 simulations), exposed to drip type laboratory rain simulators. The samples varied in their intrinsic properties (e.g. texture and organic matter) and extrinsic conditions (e.g. rain properties and soil condition). Both runoff and soil erosion were considerably affected by the inherent soil and rain properties, and soil conditions within agricultural fields. The relation identified between soil loss and runoff could be expressed either as a nonlinear (exponential or power) or a linear function. Exponential and power functions applied mostly to situations where conditions tended to harm soil structural stability and enhance destabilization of surface aggregates (e.g. high rain kinetic energy, conventional tillage and sodicity). Linear functions applied to cases associated with conditions that enhanced the stability of soil structure (e.g. slow wetting, amendment with soil stabilizers, and minimum tillage in clay soil). The established soil loss–runoff relation (SLRR) contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms governing overland flow and soil loss at the small plot scale. The relations identified might also assist in (a) further development of soil erosion models and research techniques to be linked with field‐scale data (e.g. by using the connectivity concept) and (b) the design of more suitable management practices for soil and water conservation to decrease soil degradation. Highlights Soil loss–runoff relations were studied in 211 semiarid soils under different extrinsic conditions. Soil loss–runoff relations could be expressed as nonlinear (exponential or power) or linear. Conditions that enhanced destabilization of surface aggregates resulted in nonlinear soil loss–runoff relations. Linear soil loss–runoff relations were noted for conditions that stabilize soil structure (e.g. aggregate stability).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil erosion–runoff relations on cultivated land: Insights from laboratory studies

Mamedov

Levy

2019

European J Soil Science

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“…Together, these studies indicated that the slaking effect could essentially result from internal forces between particles, especially electrostatic and hydration repulsive forces (Abu‐Sharar et al ., ; Levy et al ., ). Therefore, it is the internal forces, not the slaking effect, that initiate the aggregate breakdown (Hu et al ., ,b). Considering the hypothesis that the three internal interaction forces will induce aggregate breakdown, including swelling, slaking and dispersion, a critical breaking concentration (CBC) of aggregate breakdown that is similar to the critical coagulating concentration (CCC) of aggregation will exist.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of soil particle interaction forces in a clay‐rich soil on aggregate breakdown and particle aggregation

et al. 2018

European J Soil Science

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Summary Particle aggregation and aggregate breakdown are important processes that frequently occur in soil under natural conditions. However, how these two opposing processes are affected by the forces that govern soil particle interaction remains unclear. Thus, in this research, we aimed to: (i) investigate the relation between particle aggregation and aggregate breakdown and (ii) probe the mechanism underlying particle aggregation and aggregate breakdown under the influences of soil particle interaction forces. Specifically, we investigated particle aggregation and aggregate breakdown in a permanently charged clay‐rich soil in solutions with different electrolyte (NaNO3 and Mg(NO3)2) concentrations. We used the fast wetting method in aggregate breakdown experiments and the dynamic light‐scattering method in aggregation experiments. For soils in either NaNO3 or Mg(NO3)2 solution, the critical coagulation concentration obtained through particle aggregation experiments was equal to the critical breakdown concentration from aggregate breakdown experiments. This result indicated that the net force, which is defined as the sum of the van der Waals, electrostatic and surface hydration forces, is attractive for aggregation but is repulsive for aggregate breakdown. Although several interaction forces were involved in soil particle interactions, we found that the repulsive electrostatic force solely determines whether the net force is attractive or repulsive and thus determines whether aggregation or breakdown would occur. For a given soil, non‐classical cationic polarization in cation–surface interactions strongly influenced the repulsive electrostatic potential energy of soil particles, thus influencing the occurrence of aggregation or breakdown. Our results suggested that adjusting soil internal forces is a feasible approach to regulate particle aggregation and promote aggregate stability. Highlights The process of soil aggregate breakdown and particle aggregation were evaluated quantitatively. There was equality in the opposing forces for particle aggregation and aggregate breakdown. Electrostatic repulsive force between soil particles controlled processes of aggregation and aggregate breakdown Cationic non‐classic polarization in cation–surface interactions has an important effect on aggregation and aggregate breakdown.

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“…Compared with soil containing higher organic matter content, soil with lower organic matter content showed higher sealing and anti-crust properties (Ramos et al, 2003). Therefore, the aggregate breakdown caused by raindrop splash decreased the soil structure and fertility, reduced the land productivity, and even aggravated the formation of crust (Hu et al, 2018;Fu et al, 2020).…”

Section: Effect Of Rainfall Intensity On Splashed Soil Aggregate Fragmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of raindrop sizes and intensities on the microcharacteristics of soil aggregates

Yang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Aggregate breakdown caused by the impact of raindrops clogs soil pores, reduces soil infiltration and aggravates the formation of soil crusts. To determine the influence of raindrop splash on the microstructure of soil aggregates, the typical loess was studied. We used synchrotron-based X-ray microcomputed tomography (SR-μCT) to analyze the microcharacteristics of soils impacted by rainfall intensities. The results showed that raindrop splash increases the number of surface soil aggregates, especially when the rainfall intensity is 68.61 or 217.26 mm h-1. Compared to the undisturbed soil, the number of soil aggregates increased by 38.71%, 46.77% and 76.77%, and the volume increased by 1.09%, 3.21% and 3.73%, after the impact of rainfall intensities of 5.76, 68.61 and 217.26 mm*h-1, respectively. Raindrop impact on the surface affects the distribution of aggregate particles, causing a decrease in the number of aggregate particles in the 500-1000 μm range and an increase in the < 500 μm range. Compared with unsplashed soil, there is a significant increase in the fractal dimension (FD) and total specific surface area (SSA) of surface soil aggregates in splashed soil. Particularly, the rainfall intensity of 217.26 mm h-1 resulted in an increase of the FD and SSA by 30.24% and 17.49%, respectively. Under the rainfall intensities, the average particle diameter of the soil aggregates decreased by 2.43%, 3.25% and 3.55%, respectively, compared with that of the undisturbed soil. These results indicated that raindrop splash decreased the number of macroaggregates and increased the number of microaggregates in the surface layer of soil.

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Soil internal forces contribute more than raindrop impact force to rainfall splash erosion

Cited by 47 publications

References 57 publications

Soil erosion–runoff relations on cultivated land: Insights from laboratory studies

Soil erosion–runoff relations on cultivated land: Insights from laboratory studies

Effect of soil particle interaction forces in a clay‐rich soil on aggregate breakdown and particle aggregation

Impact of raindrop sizes and intensities on the microcharacteristics of soil aggregates

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