Soil Erosion and Gaseous Emissions

Abstract

Accelerated soil erosion by water and wind involves preferential removal of the light soil organic carbon (SOC) fraction along with the finer clay and silt particles. Thus, the SOC enrichment ratio in sediments, compared with that of the soil surface, may range from 1 to 12 for water and 1 to 41 for wind-blown dust. The latter may contain a high SOC concentration of 15% to 20% by weight. The global magnitude of SOC erosion may be 1.3 Pg C/yr. by water and 1.0 Pg C/yr. by wind erosion. However, risks of SOC erosion have been exacerbated by the expansion and intensification of agroecosystems. Such a large magnitude of annual SOC erosion by water and wind has severe adverse impacts on soil quality and functionality, and emission of multiple greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CO2, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere. SOC erosion by water and wind also has a strong impact on the global C budget (GCB). Despite the large and growing magnitude of global SOC erosion, its fate is neither adequately known nor properly understood. Only a few studies conducted have quantified the partitioning of SOC erosion by water into three components: (1) redistribution over land, (2) deposition in channels, and (3) transportation/burial under the ocean. Of the total SOC erosion by water, 40%–50% may be redistributed over the land, 20%–30% deposited in channels, and 5%–15% carried into the oceans. Even fewer studies have monitored or modeled emissions of multiple GHGs from these three locations. The cumulative gaseous emissions may decrease at the eroding site because of the depletion of its SOC stock but increase at the depositional site because of enrichment of SOC amount and the labile fraction. The SOC erosion by water and wind exacerbates climate change, decreases net primary productivity (NPP) and use efficiency of inputs, and reduces soils C sink capacity to mitigate global warming. Yet research information on global emissions of CH4 and N2O at different landscape positions is not available. Further, the GCB is incomplete and uncertain because SOC erosion is not accounted for. Multi-disciplinary and watershed-scale research is needed globally to measure and model the magnitude of SOC erosion by water and wind, multiple gaseous emissions at different landscape positions, and the attendant changes in NPP.

Effectiveness of Cover Crops to Reduce Loss of Soil Organic Matter in a Rainfed Vineyard

“…In semi-arid croplands of Spain, Boix-Fayos et al [33] estimated an average organic carbon ER at sub-catchment scale (8-125 ha) of 0.59 ± 0.43. Although the study of carbon and organic matter ER is not rare in olive groves [34] and other croplands [35], the assessment of ER OM in vineyards has received little attention (e.g., Ruiz-Colmenero et al [36]; ER OC ranging from 1.4 to 2).…”

Controlling Conditions of the One-Dimensional Consolidation Test on Peat Soil

“…Previous studies have shown that there is abundant plant debris in peat soil [33], that is largely composed of lignin, cellulose, and other macromolecular organic compounds. Macromolecular organics form monosaccharides (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) through the action of enzymes, which then escape because of the generation of CO 2 that is caused by microbial activity [34][35][36]. Equation (1) shows the reaction equation under proper ventilation, whereas Equations ( 2) and ( 3) are the reaction equations under poor ventilation conditions.…”

How Socio-Economic Drivers Explain Landscape Soil Erosion Regulation Services in Polish Catchments

“…The on-site damage includes nutrient and yield losses, land depletion, and biological losses. Meanwhile, the off-site damage includes, but is not limited to, sedimentation [ 2 , 18 ], floods [ 2 , 18 , 19 ], infrastructure degradation [ 2 , 19 ], decline in agricultural production [ 11 , 12 , 19 ], food price increases [ 2 , 19 , 20 ], change in land use/land cover [ 14 , 21 ], water and biodiversity losses [ 9 ], natural disasters [ 22 , 23 ], and global warming [ 24 , 25 ].…”