Soil disturbance caused by different skidding methods in mountainous forests of Northern Iran

Naghdi, Ramin; Solgi, Ahmad; Zenner, Eric K.

doi:10.1080/14942119.2015.1099814

Cited by 19 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…However, the ecological efficiency of harvesting systems, expressed among others in residual stand damage and soil compaction (Cambi et al 2015;Naghdi et al 2015) or residual stand damage Tsioras and Liamas 2015), should be also carefully taken into consideration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Consumption and Production Costs of Two Small-Scale Wood Harvesting Systems in Northern Greece

Koutsianitis

Tsioras

2016

Small-scale Forestry

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A field-based study was carried out to determine the productivity and production cost of the tree length (TL) and the wood assortment (WA) systems implemented under small-scale forestry conditions in two Scots pine stands in Northern Greece. Tree felling and processing productivity were estimated at 8.64 m 3 per productive machine hour (PMH -1 ) and 10.21 m 3 PMH -1 , respectively. Wood felling and processing times were strongly dependent on dbh and total tree volume. However, when manual debarking was also considered the productivity rates decreased to 1.96 and 1.43 m 3 PMH -1 , respectively. Skidding productivity was calculated to be 3.35 m 3 PMH -1 for TL and 7.17 m 3 PMH -1 for WA, respectively. Strong correlations have been found between the net skidding time and (a) the skidding distance and (b) the load per turn in both wood harvesting systems. Production costs varied greatly, from 19.38 € m -3 up to 44.81 € m -3 of roundwood depending on the harvesting system and the inclusion of debarking. The findings suggest that the WA system is more efficient in terms of productivity and production cost than TL, and that there is a substantial optimization potential. The optimization potential can be encoded in four suggestions: (a) opening up of more forest roads to reduce high skidding times, (b) replacement of manual debarking by mechanical debarking at the sawmill, (c) replacement of old pieces of equipment with newer ones and (d) training of the existing workforce.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Consumption and Production Costs of Two Small-Scale Wood Harvesting Systems in Northern Greece

Koutsianitis

Tsioras

2016

Small-scale Forestry

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“…A large number of factors influence the extent and severity of soil compaction. As found by many authors, overall harvesting operations can lead to a reduction in soil porosity [14,[19][20][21][22][23], increased soil erosion [20][21][22][23][24] and a decrease in root penetration and length expansion [19].…”

Section: Howmentioning

confidence: 99%

How and How Much, Do Harvesting Activities Affect Forest Soil, Regeneration and Stands?

2020

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Purpose of Review Lowering the impact of forest utilisation on the forest environment is a part of the improvement in sustainable forest management. As part of forest utilisation, timber harvesting can also cause environmental implications. The main impact of forest operations is on the soil, on regeneration and on the residual stand. The aim of the present review was to identify the state of the art in forest utilisation, identifying how and how much forest operations affect forest soil, regeneration and the remaining stand. Particular attention was paid to the level of impact and potential to limit this. Recent Findings There are a large number of publications tackling forest harvesting, but most of them do not give a comprehensive framework and they mainly focus on one or very few aspects of forest damage. In order to improve general knowledge of the impact of forest operations, it was proposed that the scope of recent findings should be examined and a compilation of the available results from different regions should be presented in one paper. Summary It was found that the least impactful machine-based forest operations were harvester-forwarder technologies, while a larger scale of damage could be expected from ground-based extraction systems (skidders) and cable yarders. Animal power, if applicable, tended to be very neutral to the forest environment. A decrease in damage is possible by optimising skid trail and strip road planning, careful completion of forest operations and training for operators. The existence of legal documents controlling post-harvesting stand damage are rare and have been implemented in only two countries; there is no post-harvesting control on soil damage and natural regeneration.

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“…The main factors affecting extent and severity of soil compaction include the machine characteristics (e.g., axle load, type of traction device) [5], operating condition (e.g., traffic frequency, uphill or downhill extraction) [8,17,18] as well as climate, site, and soil characteristics and conditions [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact Assessment of Skidding Extraction: Effects on Physical and Chemical Properties of Forest Soils and on Maple Seedling Growing along the Skid Trail

Solgi

Naghdi

Marchi

et al. 2019

Forests

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Several studies investigated soil disturbances caused on skid trails by forest logging. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the severity and the distance of disturbances along both sides from the trails. The aims of this study were: i) to investigate the changes in physical and chemical properties of soil along the sides of skidding trails; ii) to measure the effects of soil compaction on of maple seedlings growth. Two levels of trail gradient (< 20% and >20 %), four levels of traffic frequency (3, 8, 15, and 30 passes) and four distance buffer strip zones (0.5 m intervals from 0 to 2 m in distance) on both sides of skid trail edges were analyzed. Each treatment included three replicate plots. In order to investigate the effect of compaction on seedlings emergence and growth, maple seeds were sown after logging. The results highlighted significant changes in physical and chemical properties of soil for each traffic frequency in the closest buffer strip (from 0 to 0.5 m from the skid trail edges). The largest changes in soil properties were identified at 0.5 m distance zones for a slope gradient > 20% after 3, 8, 15, and 30 skidding cycles. The highest changes were recorded on slope category >20%. The higher the soil compaction the lower the germination rate, root length, and stem height of seedlings.

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Soil disturbance caused by different skidding methods in mountainous forests of Northern Iran

Cited by 19 publications

References 37 publications

Time Consumption and Production Costs of Two Small-Scale Wood Harvesting Systems in Northern Greece

Time Consumption and Production Costs of Two Small-Scale Wood Harvesting Systems in Northern Greece

How and How Much, Do Harvesting Activities Affect Forest Soil, Regeneration and Stands?

Impact Assessment of Skidding Extraction: Effects on Physical and Chemical Properties of Forest Soils and on Maple Seedling Growing along the Skid Trail

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