Soil Detachment by Shallow Flow

Zhang, G.–H.; Liu, B.–Y.; Nearing, M. A.; Huang, Chi Hua; Zhang, K.–L.

doi:10.13031/2013.8527

Cited by 261 publications

(335 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The formation and development of an EG channel Compared with the runoff velocities without upslope inflow, runoff velocities with upslope inflow applied were much larger; mean runoff velocities with inflow were 22.7% to 79.4% larger than those without inflow. Zhang et al, (2002) and Zhang et al, (2009) found that runoff velocity was better correlated with the detachment rate than other hydraulic parameters and was linearly related to the measured sediment transport capacity; that is corroborated by our findings (Table 2).…”

Section: Runoff Velocities In Ephemeral Gully Channelsupporting

confidence: 89%

Upslope inflow, hillslope gradient and rainfall intensity impacts on ephemeral gully erosion

Zheng

Wilson

et al. 2017

Land Degrad Dev

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Ephemeral gullies (EGs) are major contributors to sediment loss and land degradation on cultivated lands. However, the topography and rainfall impacts on EG development processes are still unclear, especially on steep loessial hillslopes such as the Loess Plateau. A series of laboratory rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to investigate the impacts of topographic characteristics (3 typical slope gradients (S): 26.8%, 36.4%, and 46.6%; and 5 upslope drainage areas (A): 16, 32, 64, 96, and 128 m2) and rainfall intensities (3 representative erosive rainfall intensities 50, 75, and 100 mm hr−1) on EG erosion on a steep loessial hillslope. A large slope adjustable soil pan (8 m‐long, 2 m‐wide, and 0.6 m‐deep) and a side‐sprinkler rainfall simulation system were used in this study. The results showed that soil loss increased when rainfall intensity, slope, and upslope drainage area increased. Upslope topography and inflow had great impacts on downslope EG erosion, and the contribution percentages ranged from 52.2% to 74.1%, from 48.3% to 71.4%, and from 29.5% to 66.7% for the 50, 75, and 100 mm hr−1 rainfall treatments, respectively. Runoff velocities with upslope inflow were 22.7% to 79.4% larger than those without inflow, and the upslope inflow was more effective than rainfall intensity in increasing runoff velocities in EG channels, thus caused more soil erosion. Soil loss equation based on rainfall intensity and AS2 (product of the upslope drainage area and the square of the local slope gradient) was established and validated. The determination coefficient (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe simulation efficiency (ENS) were 0.80 and 0.87, which showed satisfactory accuracy. This equation can be used to predict the EG erosion in various topographic and rainfall conditions on steep loessial hillslopes.

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Section: Runoff Velocities In Ephemeral Gully Channelsupporting

confidence: 89%

Upslope inflow, hillslope gradient and rainfall intensity impacts on ephemeral gully erosion

Zheng

Wilson

et al. 2017

Land Degrad Dev

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“…In this study, a power equation was recommended to relate the soil detachment capacity to the unit stream power based on the results of linear and nonlinear regression analyses (Figure 6c). The stream power was a better indicator to estimate the soil detachment capacity than the shear stress and unit stream power for yellow soil, and similar findings have been reported in other soil regions (Nearing et al, 1997(Nearing et al, , 1999Wang et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2002Zhang et al, , 2003. In contrast, if the shear stress was adopted, R 2 was very low for the field conditions.…”

Section: Unit Stream Powersupporting

confidence: 77%

“…In this study, the detachment capacity was positively correlated to the flow velocity at the 0.01 level and that the correlation coefficient between the detachment capacity and the mean velocity was greater than those with either the flow rate or the slope gradient. This fact could also hold for loess (Zhang et al, 2003;Zhang, Liu, Tang & Zhang, 2008), Haplustalf (Zhang et al, 2002) and red soil (Wang et al, 2017), indicating that the velocity was a powerful parameter for predicting soil detachment capacity. With the increasing velocity, the detachment capacity was described well by a power function ( Figure 5).…”

Section: Velocitymentioning

confidence: 82%

“…In contrast, the exponent for power functions were much smaller than that for sandy soil (Nearing et al, 1999), loess (Zhang et al, 2003;Zhang, Liu, Tang, & Zhang, 2008), for Haplustalf (Zhang et al, 2002) and for red soil (Wang, Fan, et al, 2018; Table 4), indicating that as the shear force increases, the increase of soil detachment capacity of yellow soil was smaller than other soil types.…”

Section: Shear Stressmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…When the experiment ended, the total mass of the sediment sample was collected from the sampling tank, oven-dried for 24 hr at 105 C and then weighed. Finally, the soil detachment capacity (D c , kg m −2 s −1 ) was calculated as the total mass of sediment leaving the testing area divided by the scouring duration and testing area as follows (Nearing et al, 1991;Nearing et al, 1999;Zhang et al, 2002):…”

Section: Soil Detachment Capacity Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil detachment by overland flow on steep cropland in the subtropical region of China

Zhang

Cao

et al. 2020

Hydrological Processes

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Accurate prediction of soil detachment capacity is fundamental to establish processbased erosion models and improve soil loss assessment. Few studies were conducted to reveal the mechanism of detachment process for yellow soil on steep cropland in the subtropical region of China using field experiments. This study was performed to determine soil detachment characteristics and explore the relationships between soil detachment capacity (D c ) and flow rate, slope gradient, mean velocity, shear stress, stream power and unit stream power. Field experiments were conducted on intact soil with flow rates ranging from 0.2 × 10 −3 to 0.5 × 10 −3 m −3 s −1 and slope gradients varying from 8.8 to 42.4%. The results showed the following. (a) D c of yellow soil was smaller than other soils because of its high clay content. (b) D c was more susceptible to flow than to slope gradient. Power functions were derived to depict the relationship between D c and the flow rate and slope gradient (R 2 = 0.91). (c) D c was better simulated by power functions of the stream power (R 2 = 0.83) than functions of the shear stress or the unit stream power. (d) Considering its accuracy, simplicity and accessibility, the power function based on flow rate and slope gradient is recommended to predict D c of yellow soil in the field. The results of this study provide useful support for revealing soil detachment mechanism and developing processbased soil erosion models for the subtropical region of China. K E Y W O R D S detachment capacity, erosion prediction, hydraulic parameters, karst regions, soil erosion, steep slopes Over the past several decades, two main experimental procedures, filed plot experiment and laboratory flume experiment, were generally used to determine soil detachment rate or capacity (Knapen, Poesen, Govers, Gyssels, & Nachtergaele, 2007). Laboratory flume experiments were widely used to understand fundamental erosion processes. Small sample area and flexible setups allow laboratory tests easy to control and replicate. Numerous results from laboratory flume experiments have been reported to relate the D r or D c to hydraulic parameters, such as the flow regime, flow rate, slope gradient, flow depth, velocity, shear stress, stream power and unit stream power, under different conditions. Lyle and Smerdon (1965) conducted flume experiments and indicated a linear relationship between soil erosion and shear stress for Texas soils, but the conclusion was obtained from a constant gentle slope (0.2%). Subsequently, Nearing et al. (1991) used a hydraulic flume to study the process of soil detachment. The results showed a logarithmic relationship between detachment capacity and flow depth, slope gradient, and mean weight diameter of the aggregates. The results also indicated that soil detachment was greatly influenced by flow depth while weakly affected by slope. Nearing's experiments were well-conducted, but the test slopes were very low, ranging only from 0.5 to 2.0%. Due to the fact that much of the cultivated farmland in China lies ...

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Review of Broadband Metamaterial Absorbers: From Principles, Design Strategies, and Tunable Properties to Functional Applications

Wang

Duan

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

117

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Metamaterial absorbers have been widely studied and continuously concerned owing to their excellent resonance features of ultra-thin thickness, light-weight, and high absorbance. Their applications, however, are typically restricted by the intrinsic dispersion of materials and strong resonant features of patterned arrays (mainly referring to narrow absorption bandwidth). It is, therefore essential to reassert the principles of building broadband metamaterial absorbers (BMAs). Herein, the research progress of BMAs from principles, design strategies, tunable properties to functional applications are comprehensively and deeply summarized. Physical principles behind broadband absorption are briefly discussed, typical design strategies in realizing broadband absorption are further emphasized, such as top-down lithography, bottom-up self-assembly, and emerging 3D printing technology. Diversified active components choices, including optical response, temperature response, electrical response, magnetic response, mechanical response, and multi-parameter responses, are reviewed in achieving dynamically tuned broadband absorption. Following this, the achievements of various interdisciplinary applications for BMAs in energy-harvesting, photodetectors, radar-IR dual stealth, bolometers, noise absorbing, imaging, and fabric wearable are summarized. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for future development of BMAs are discussed.

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Soil Detachment by Shallow Flow

Cited by 261 publications

References 21 publications

Upslope inflow, hillslope gradient and rainfall intensity impacts on ephemeral gully erosion

Upslope inflow, hillslope gradient and rainfall intensity impacts on ephemeral gully erosion

Soil detachment by overland flow on steep cropland in the subtropical region of China

Review of Broadband Metamaterial Absorbers: From Principles, Design Strategies, and Tunable Properties to Functional Applications

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