Soil Characteristics and Clay Mineralogy of Two Subalpine Forest Spodosols With Clay Accumulation in Taiwan

Liu, Jen-Chyi; Chen, Zueng‐Sang

doi:10.1097/01.ss.0000112013.97541.74

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The Fe/Al organic compounds were translocated from the E to the B horizons, which have higher pH (4.4–4.8) than the eluvial horizons above (Mirabella & Egli, ; Bonifacio et al ., 2009). Similar clay mineralogical patterns were found in podzolic soils from other subalpine regions in Taiwan (Liu & Chen, ). Leaves lying on the forest floor are a major source of soluble organic substances in soil and surface water (Righi et al ., ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Strong illuvial leaching processes and moderately intense weathering prevail in the subalpine and alpine forest soils because of the large annual rainfall (≥ 3000 mm). Humid conditions in the subalpine forest soils in Taiwan enhance podzolization, including the development of Bsm horizons in placic podzolic soils (Hseu et al ., ; Wu & Chen, ; Jien et al ., 2010a,b) and Bhs horizons in Spodosols (Hseu et al ., ; Liu & Chen, ). In similar climatic conditions and landscape position, and on similar parent materials, Bsm horizons and Bhs horizons are usually segregated by soil textures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the fine textures facilitate the reduction and mobilization of sesquioxides, which tend to accumulate at textural discontinuities to form Bsm horizons (Jien et al ., ). In contrast, low latitude Bhs horizons usually occur in sandy and loamy soils in high mountains, such as in India (Takkar, ), Bhutan (Baillie et al ., ) and Taiwan (Hseu et al ., ; Liu & Chen, ; Wu & Chen, ). These horizons also occur in tropical lowlands on very coarse and quartzose deposits, such as in Rio Negro in the northern upper Amazon Basin (Horbe et al ., ; Do Nascimento et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pedogenic processes of placic and spodic horizons in subtropical subalpine forest soils with contrasting textures

Jien

Pai

Iizuka

et al. 2013

European J Soil Science

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Summary Placic (Bsm) and spodic (Bhs) horizons are common in subalpine or alpine forest soils in Taiwan. Bsm horizons are found more usually in finer textured soils than those with Bhs horizons. To understand the different formation processes in Bsm and Bhs horizons in a humid subtropical ecosystem, we identified micro‐morphological features by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and electron probe micro‐analysis (EPMA), and determined the physiochemical properties by chemical extractions and clay mineralogy. The study included four pedons with well‐developed Bsm horizons from our previous study and four with well‐developed Bhs horizons at other sites. Both sites were in subtropical mountain forests with similar climate, topography and general geology but over regoliths with distinctly different textures. Micro‐morphology revealed a vughy (small cavities lined with in‐washed materials) microstructure in Bsm horizons but a granular structure with bridge microstructures between coarse grains in Bhs horizons. Chemical analysis revealed more free pedogenic iron (Fed) and aluminium (Ald) in Bsm than in Bhs horizons, but more organically complexed Al (Alp) in Bhs horizons. Energy dispersive spectrometry revealed predominant Fe, oxygen (O) and carbon (C) in the matrix of the Bsm horizons, whereas Al, silicon (Si) and C were the major elements of interstitial materials in Bhs horizons. Polarizing microscopy and EPMA spectra confirmed the illuvial nature of organic Al complexes in Bhs horizons. The transformation of clay minerals showed more intense podzolization in Bhs horizons than in Bsm horizons. The different formation mechanisms in Bsm and Bhs horizons result from contrasting texture; redox processes are predominant in Bsm horizons because of the clayey texture whereas podzolization is predominant in sandy Bhs horizons.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pedogenic processes of placic and spodic horizons in subtropical subalpine forest soils with contrasting textures

Jien

Pai

Iizuka

et al. 2013

European J Soil Science

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“…Egli et al (2001) detected HIV in the Bhs and Bw horizons of a 11-kyr-old Haplic Podzol. The accumulation of HIMs in illuvial soil horizons was reported several times (e.g., Lin et al, 2002;Liu and Chen, 2004;Skiba, 2007;Nakao et al, 2009). Lin et al (2002) detected HIV in Bt and Bhs horizons of Spodosols in Taiwan, but not in E horizons.…”

Section: Formation and Formation Conditions Of Hims In Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review Article. What are the nature and formation conditions of hydroxy‐interlayered minerals (HIMs) in soil?

Georgiadis

Dietel

Dohrmann

et al. 2019

J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.

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Primary minerals of the parent material undergo weathering during the formation of terrestrial soils to varying extent. As a result, secondary minerals develop, which comprise, among many others, hydroxy-interlayered minerals (HIMs). These minerals have formed by interlayering of hydroxy-metal complexes (especially of Al 3+ , also Mg 2+ , Fe 2+/3+ ) into micas, expansible 2:1 phyllosilicates and forming oligomers, or by weathering of primary chlorite. The degree of interlayer filling and the stability of these fillings affect several physico-chemical soil properties, for instance the cation exchange capacity. Although many studies have been conducted on formation, occurrence, and properties of HIMs in soil during the last decades, several challenges still exist. These challenges include analytical identification and quantification of HIMs in soil, the nature of the interlayer filling and the identification of favorable conditions in soil for the formation of HIMs. In order to deepen the understanding of formation, properties, and fate of HIMs in soil, we critically reviewed the available literature. Based on the review, we recommend using a new structural model that enables quantification of hydroxy-interlayered smectite in soil by X-ray diffractometry, laboratory experiments on the formation and preservation of different types of interlayers and considering the temporal and spatial dimension of the formation of HIMs in soil in more detail.

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“…Over the years, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has become a useful technique for investigating clay alteration because it enables direct observation of the microstructure of the clay particles, although it has many limitations such as the loss of interlayer water of clay minerals under electron beam. Previous HRTEM studies showed alteration of illite mainly to vermiculite/HIV in acidic soils (Brown, 1953;Righi & Meunier, 1991;Liu & Chen, 2004).…”

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confidence: 92%

Pedogenic alteration of illite in subtropical China

et al. 2014

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Pedogenic alteration of illite from red earth sediments in Jiujiang in subtropical China was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Illite, hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV), kaolinite and mixed-layer illite-HIV (I-HIV) are present in the soils. The characteristic reflections of the clay phases were 14 Å, 10–14 Å, 10 Å, and 7 Å, respectively. After Mg-glycerol saturations, the 14 Å peak of the samples did not expand, and after heating at 350°C and 550°C it shifted to 13.8 Å and 12 Å respectively, with no residual 14 Å reflection, suggesting the occurrence of hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite. The randomly interstratified I-HIV clays were characterized by a broad peak at 10–14 Å, which did not change its position after Mg-glycerol saturation, but collapsed to 10 Å after heating at 350°C and 550°C. HRTEM analysis showed different lattice fringes of 12 Å, 10 Å and 7 Å . Mixed-layer I-HIV, HIV-K and illite-kaolinite (I-K) were observed in the HRTEM images which represented the intermediate phases during illite alteration. The merging of two 10 Å illite layers into a 12 Å HIV layer, lateral transformation of one HIV layer into one kaolinite layer and alteration of one illite layer into two kaolinite layers illustrated the mechanisms of illite-to-HIV, HIV-to-kaolinite and illite-tokaolinite transformation, respectively. The proposed pedogenic alteration of illite and the weathering sequence of the clay minerals in Jiujiang is illite → I-HIV → HIV → HIV-K → kaolinite. In addition, illite may transform directly to kaolinite.

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Soil Characteristics and Clay Mineralogy of Two Subalpine Forest Spodosols With Clay Accumulation in Taiwan

Cited by 21 publications

References 30 publications

Pedogenic processes of placic and spodic horizons in subtropical subalpine forest soils with contrasting textures

Pedogenic processes of placic and spodic horizons in subtropical subalpine forest soils with contrasting textures

Review Article. What are the nature and formation conditions of hydroxy‐interlayered minerals (HIMs) in soil?

Pedogenic alteration of illite in subtropical China

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