Soil carbon stocks in Indonesian (agro) forest transitions: Compaction conceals lower carbon concentrations in standard accounting

Hairiah, Kurniatun; Noordwijk, Meine van; Sari, Rika Ratna; Saputra, Danny Dwi; Widianto, _; Suprayogo, Didik; Kurniawan, Syahrul; Prayogo, Cahyo; Gusli, Sikstus

doi:10.1016/j.agee.2020.106879

Cited by 56 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…We found no significant relationship between tree diversity and soil C stocks. A recent review that included our case study data suggested that increases in soil bulk density tended to conceal changes in C concentration per unit soil dry weight, as C stocks are the product of these two parameters [61]. This result aligns with Wartenberg et al [62] who also found that there was no relation among tree diversity, soil C-content and total soil N level.…”

Section: Land Use Affects Tree Diversity and C Stockssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…A recent summary of soil C data for Indonesian forest transitions that included the current data points concluded that increased bulk density partly conceals changes in soil organic C concentrations (per unit dry soil) within the globally agreed accounting of changes in soil C stock in the top 30 cm of the soil [61].…”

Section: Land Use Affects Tree Diversity and C Stocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gendered Species Preferences Link Tree Diversity and Carbon Stocks in Cacao Agroforest in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Sari

Saputra

Hairiah

et al. 2020

Land

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The degree to which the maintenance of carbon (C) stocks and tree diversity can be jointly achieved in production landscapes is debated. C stocks in forests are decreased by logging before tree diversity is affected, while C stocks in monoculture tree plantations increase, but diversity does not. Agroforestry can break this hysteresis pattern, relevant for policies in search of synergy. We compared total C stocks and tree diversity among degraded forest, complex cacao/fruit tree agroforests, simple shade-tree cacao agroforestry, monoculture cacao, and annual crops in the Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. We evaluated farmer tree preferences and the utility value of the system for 40 farmers (male and female). The highest tree diversity (Shannon–Wiener H index 2.36) and C stocks (282 Mg C ha−1) were found in degraded forest, followed by cacao-based agroforestry systems (H index ranged from 0.58–0.93 with C stocks of 75–89 Mg ha−1). Male farmers selected timber and fruit tree species with economic benefits as shade trees, while female farmers preferred production for household needs (fruit trees and vegetables). Carbon stocks and tree diversity were positively related (R2 = 0.72). Adding data from across Indonesia (n = 102), agroforestry systems had an intermediate position between forest decline and reforestation responses. Maintaining agroforestry in the landscape allows aboveground C stocks up to 50 Mg ha−1 and reduces biodiversity loss. Agroforestry facilitates climate change mitigation and biodiversity goals to be addressed simultaneously in sustainable production landscapes.

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Section: Land Use Affects Tree Diversity and C Stockssupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Land Use Affects Tree Diversity and C Stocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gendered Species Preferences Link Tree Diversity and Carbon Stocks in Cacao Agroforest in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Sari

Saputra

Hairiah

et al. 2020

Land

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“…Further descriptors of context that are likely to be relevant for restoration are the climatic zones ( Figure 4A) and soil properties. Soil quality is a key context parameter for restoration: it is determined by soil type, texture and depth (as it relates to hydrology and erosion), topography (slope angle and length) and indicators of current soil condition relative to what could be expected for soil in a given location under undisturbed conditions, such as the ratios of current soil carbon and bulk density, to their reference values [141][142][143]. Such characteristics can be complemented by a characterization of the social, institutional, and economic context that often conditions both the drivers of degradation and the possibility to overcome them, often linking to goals.…”

Section: A Typology Of Restoration Intervention Options By Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

People-Centric Nature-Based Land Restoration through Agroforestry: A Typology

Noordwijk

Gitz

Minang

et al. 2020

Land

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Restoration depends on purpose and context. At the core it entails innovation to halt ongoing and reverse past degradation. It aims for increased functionality, not necessarily recovering past system states. Location-specific interventions in social-ecological systems reducing proximate pressures, need to synergize with transforming generic drivers of unsustainable land use. After reviewing pantropical international research on forests, trees, and agroforestry, we developed an options-by-context typology. Four intensities of land restoration interact: R.I. Ecological intensification within a land use system, R.II. Recovery/regeneration, within a local social-ecological system, R.III. Reparation/recuperation, requiring a national policy context, R.IV. Remediation, requiring international support and investment. Relevant interventions start from core values of human identity while addressing five potential bottlenecks: Rights, Know-how, Markets (inputs, outputs, credit), Local Ecosystem Services (including water, agrobiodiversity, micro/mesoclimate) and Teleconnections (global climate change, biodiversity). Six stages of forest transition (from closed old-growth forest to open-field agriculture and re-treed (peri)urban landscapes) can contextualize interventions, with six special places: water towers, riparian zone and wetlands, peat landscapes, small islands and mangroves, transport infrastructure, and mining scars. The typology can help to link knowledge with action in people-centric restoration in which external stakeholders coinvest, reflecting shared responsibility for historical degradation and benefits from environmental stewardship.

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“…A reference value C ref for the C org concentration expected under long-term forest conditions for a soil of the same texture and pH at the same elevation (with additional factors for Andisol and Wetland conditions) was used, based on van Noordwijk et al (1998) and Hairiah et al (2020), including a depth correction for a soil layer from Z H to Z L cm depth:…”

Section: Pedotransfer As Reference Values For Soil Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Regeneration After Volcanic Eruptions: Resilience of the Non-legume Nitrogen-Fixing Tree Parasponia rigida

Ishaq

Hairiah

Alfian

et al. 2020

Front. For. Glob. Change

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Volcanic eruptions disturb vegetation at a time it is needed for preventing mudflows. A resilient indigenous non-legume nitrogen-fixing tree that is adapted to the ash and spreads rapidly protects areas downstream in a volcanic landscape in Indonesia. Within the volcanic ring of fire both the long-term benefits (including densely populated, fertile agricultural soils) and short-term ecological disturbance of volcanic ash deposition are clear. Mount Kelud in East Java has erupted on a 15–37-years cycle for the past centuries, most recently in 2014, causing damage to settlements, agricultural land, agroforestry, and watershed protection forests, as the ash deposits caused tree mortality, restricted infiltration, and led to ash flows. Rapid “restoration” or recovery of tree-based vegetation with planted Legume trees (such as Calliandra spp.) has been attempted but is not very effective. However, the non-legume nitrogen-fixing Parasponia rigida, symbiotic with rhizobium bacteria, contrasted to its non-symbiotic sibling (Trema orientalis) has been studied in laboratory conditions, but not in its native environment. We mapped and sampled P. rigida in various locations (upper, middle, and lower elevation positions in ridge-slope-valley toposequences) on the Kelud complex starting 1 year after the latest eruption, estimated biomass development, and quantified P. rigida root nodules in relation to N availability in the ash/soil mixtures in these locations. P. rigida was found as a pioneer tree at elevations between 600 and 1,700 m a.s.l. (above sea level) along ridges, in slope, and valley positions. At lower elevations T. orientalis dominated. Within 3 years of the eruption, stem diameters were 3–10 cm. Up to 93% of P. rigida root nodules were found to be effective, based on the hemoglobin color on cross-sections. Rhizobium bacteria were found in root nodule tissue at densities of two to a hundred times higher than in rhizosphere soil. Between a total soil N content from 0.01 to 0.04% the density of effective nodules decreased from 1,200 to 200 m−2. P. rigida stands in the area, especially at ridges close to the crater deserve to be managed proactively as future seed sources, given the high frequency of eruption episodes, while recovery after eruptions on similar volcanoes can likely be facilitated by tactical assisted seed dispersal if effective seed collection and storage methods can be established.

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Soil carbon stocks in Indonesian (agro) forest transitions: Compaction conceals lower carbon concentrations in standard accounting

Cited by 56 publications

References 51 publications

Gendered Species Preferences Link Tree Diversity and Carbon Stocks in Cacao Agroforest in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Gendered Species Preferences Link Tree Diversity and Carbon Stocks in Cacao Agroforest in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

People-Centric Nature-Based Land Restoration through Agroforestry: A Typology

Natural Regeneration After Volcanic Eruptions: Resilience of the Non-legume Nitrogen-Fixing Tree Parasponia rigida

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