Soil Bulk Density Estimation Methods: A Review

Al-Shammary, Ahmed Abed Gatea; Kouzani, Abbas Z.; Kaynak, Akif; Khoo, Suiyang; Norton, Michael; Gates, Will P.

doi:10.1016/s1002-0160(18)60034-7

Cited by 217 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…The necessary water for agriculture in the study area might be provided by areas covered by natural vegetation, which showed notable surpluses, especially during the wet season and at higher elevations ( Figure 6 and Table 3). These generated water surpluses must be saved for later use [50], for which reservoirs might be constructed or traditionally used storage basins, called "albarradas" in Ecuador [101], rehabilitated. Nonetheless, the agricultural frontier still invades the remaining areas of natural vegetation, because agriculture is the principal economic activity for the local population [13,28,42], which, together with uncontrolled water extractions and high deforestation rates, endanger the availability of hydrological resources, as it is observed in many semiarid regions of the world [8,102].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By means of the provided soil map ( Figure 4; [33]), two sample points were established for each soil type. At each sample point, a bulk density test was executed to determine the physical properties of the soils [50]. This analysis is especially important for areas of agricultural use and livestock breeding (pasture), because compact soils can reduce productivity and encourage soil erosion processes [47,51,52].…”

Section: Soil Sampling and Granulometric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Balance and Soil Moisture Deficit of Different Vegetation Units under Semiarid Conditions in the Andes of Southern Ecuador

Fries

Silva

Pucha-Cofrep

et al. 2020

Climate

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Water availability in semiarid regions is endangered, which is not only due to changing climate conditions, but also to anthropogenic land use changes. The present study analyzed the annual and monthly water balance (WBc) and the soil moisture deficit (Ds) for different vegetation units under semiarid conditions in the Andes of southern Ecuador, based on limited meteorological station data and field measurements (soil samples). To calculate crop evapotranspiration (ETc) the Blaney-Criddle method was applied, and the specific crop factor (Kc) included, because only temperature (T) and precipitation (P) data were available. By means of the soil samples the water retention capacity (RC) of the different soil types present in the study area were estimated, which, in combination with WBc, provided reliable results respective to water surpluses or deficits for the different vegetation units. The results indicated highest Ds for cultivated areas, particularly for corn and sugarcane plantations, where annual deficits up to −1377.5 mm ha −1 and monthly deficits up to −181.1 mm ha −1 were calculated. Natural vegetation cover (scrubland, forest and paramo), especially at higher elevations, did not show any deficit throughout the year (annual surpluses up to 1279.6 mm ha −1 ; monthly surpluses up to 280.1 mm ha −1 ). Hence, it could be concluded that the prevailing climate conditions in semiarid regions cannot provide the necessary water for agricultural practices, for which reason irrigation is required. The necessary water can be supplied by areas coved by natural vegetation, but these areas are endangered due to population growth and the associated land use changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soil Sampling and Granulometric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Balance and Soil Moisture Deficit of Different Vegetation Units under Semiarid Conditions in the Andes of Southern Ecuador

Fries

Silva

Pucha-Cofrep

et al. 2020

Climate

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“…where the volume (Vol), the total area of the measured field (A), the years of the vines (Yr, 20 years), and the bulk density were used as input elements. The soil bulk density represents the average of measurements collected in a 100 cm 3 cylinder [51] at seven different points along the row and inter-row area. The results obtained were 1.24, 1.20, and 1.29 g cm −3 , for the left (inter-row 1), middle (inter-row 2), and right (inter-row 3) inter-rows, respectively.…”

Section: Statistical Analysis Graphical Representation and Estimatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Non-Sustainable Soil Erosion Rates in the Tierra de Barros Vineyards (Extremadura, Spain) Using an ISUM Update

et al. 2019

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Monitoring soil erosion processes and measuring soil and water yields allow supplying key information to achieve land degradation neutrality challenges. Vineyards are one of the most affected agricultural territories by soil erosion due to human and natural factors. However, the spatial variability of soil erosion, the number of sampling points, and plot size necessary to estimate accurate soil erosion rates remains unclear. In this research, we determine how many inter-rows should be surveyed to estimate the soil mobilization rates in the viticulture area of Tierra de Barros (Extremadura, SW Spain) using the Improved Stock Unearthing Method (ISUM). This method uses the graft union of the vines as a passive biomarker of the soil surface level changes since the time of plantation and inter-row measures. ISUM was applied to three inter-row and four rows of vines (5904 sampling points) in order to determine how many surfaces and transects must be surveyed as all the previous surveys were done with only one inter-row. The results showed average values of soil depletion reaching −11.4, −11.8, and −11.5 cm for the inter-rows 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The current soil surface level descended 11.6 cm in 20 years. The inter-rows 1, 2, and 3 with a total area of 302.4 m 2 each one (2016 points) recorded 71.4, 70.8, and 74.0 Mg ha −1 yr −1 , respectively. With the maximum number of sampling points (5904), 71.2 Mg ha −1 yr −1 were obtained. The spatial variability of the soil erosion was shown to be very small, with no statistically significant differences among inter-rows. This could be due to the effect of the soil profile homogenization as a consequence of the intense tillage. This research shows the potential predictability of ISUM in order to give an overall overview of the soil erosion process for vineyards that follow the same soil management system. We conclude that measuring one inter-row is enough to get an overview of soil erosion processes in vineyards when the vines are under the same intense tillage management and topographical conditions. Moreover, we demonstrated the high erosion rates in a vineyard within the viticultural region of the Tierra de Barros, which could be representative for similar vineyards with similar topographical conditions, soil properties, and a possible non-sustainable soil management system.

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“…According to a recent review, so far over 800 000 soil profiles have been rescued and compiled into databases over the past few decades (Arrouays et al, 2017). However, only a fraction thereof is readily accessible (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardised soil profile data to support global mapping and modelling (WoSIS snapshot 2019)

Batjes

Ribeiro

Oostrum

2020

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

211

114

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Abstract. The World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) provides quality-assessed and standardised soil profile data to support digital soil mapping and environmental applications at broadscale levels. Since the release of the first “WoSIS snapshot”, in July 2016, many new soil data were shared with us, registered in the ISRIC data repository and subsequently standardised in accordance with the licences specified by the data providers. Soil profile data managed in WoSIS were contributed by a wide range of data providers; therefore, special attention was paid to measures for soil data quality and the standardisation of soil property definitions, soil property values (and units of measurement) and soil analytical method descriptions. We presently consider the following soil chemical properties: organic carbon, total carbon, total carbonate equivalent, total nitrogen, phosphorus (extractable P, total P and P retention), soil pH, cation exchange capacity and electrical conductivity. We also consider the following physical properties: soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), bulk density, coarse fragments and water retention. Both of these sets of properties are grouped according to analytical procedures that are operationally comparable. Further, for each profile we provide the original soil classification (FAO, WRB, USDA), version and horizon designations, insofar as these have been specified in the source databases. Measures for geographical accuracy (i.e. location) of the point data, as well as a first approximation for the uncertainty associated with the operationally defined analytical methods, are presented for possible consideration in digital soil mapping and subsequent earth system modelling. The latest (dynamic) set of quality-assessed and standardised data, called “wosis_latest”, is freely accessible via an OGC-compliant WFS (web feature service). For consistent referencing, we also provide time-specific static “snapshots”. The present snapshot (September 2019) is comprised of 196 498 geo-referenced profiles originating from 173 countries. They represent over 832 000 soil layers (or horizons) and over 5.8 million records. The actual number of observations for each property varies (greatly) between profiles and with depth, generally depending on the objectives of the initial soil sampling programmes. In the coming years, we aim to fill gradually gaps in the geographic distribution and soil property data themselves, this subject to the sharing of a wider selection of soil profile data for so far under-represented areas and properties by our existing and prospective partners. Part of this work is foreseen in conjunction within the Global Soil Information System (GloSIS) being developed by the Global Soil Partnership (GSP). The “WoSIS snapshot – September 2019” is archived and freely accessible at https://doi.org/10.17027/isric-wdcsoils.20190901 (Batjes et al., 2019).

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Soil Bulk Density Estimation Methods: A Review

Cited by 217 publications

References 74 publications

Water Balance and Soil Moisture Deficit of Different Vegetation Units under Semiarid Conditions in the Andes of Southern Ecuador

Water Balance and Soil Moisture Deficit of Different Vegetation Units under Semiarid Conditions in the Andes of Southern Ecuador

Estimating Non-Sustainable Soil Erosion Rates in the Tierra de Barros Vineyards (Extremadura, Spain) Using an ISUM Update

Standardised soil profile data to support global mapping and modelling (WoSIS snapshot 2019)

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