Soil bentonite wall protects foundation from thrust faulting: analyses and experiment

Investigating the Effect of Using Soil Bentonite Wall on Damage Mitigation of Steel Buried Pipelines Subjected to Reverse Fault Rupture

“…continuous steel gas pipelines," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.86, pp. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] …”

“…Moreover, even the passage of buried pipeline parallel to fault line (figure 1a) which was recommended by joshi et al [7], can cause severe damages to buried pipelines in some critical conditions. In this research, by inspiring from researches of Fadaee et al [8], [9] with using a thick diaphragm-type soil bentonite wall (SBW) in a specific distance with buried pipelines which is parallel with fault line (figure 1a), SBW absorbs the deformation resulted from any possible reverse fault rupture and mitigates the damages caused to pipelines cross section (figure 2). More details about the performance of SBW in reverse fault rupture are shown in [8], [9].…”

Mitigation of reverse faulting deformation using a soil bentonite wall: Dimensional analysis, parametric study, design implications

“…Figure 1 shows an example of a building which collapsed due to the imposed faulting-induced deformation in the area of Bajiaomiao, Hongkou city [2]. To date, research on the quasi-static offset of the fault has mainly focused on: (a) understanding the mechanism by analyzing case histories of structures subject to faulting [3][4][5], (b) physical modeling [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], (c) numerical or analytical studies of fault rupture propagation and its effects on structures [4,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] and (d) proposing mitigation measures against fault rupture hazard [19,[22][23][24][25][26].…”

“…Several mitigation strategies can be found in the literature, which can be classified in three different groups: (i) foundation strengthening, aiming to minimize superstructure distress; (ii) measures aiming to diffuse the fault deformation over a wider area; and (iii) measures aiming to divert the fault rupture [9,[22][23][24][25]. The first strategy is very straightforward, and simply requires introducing a rigid raft foundation.…”

Bridge–Pier Caisson foundations subjected to normal and thrust faulting: physical experiments versus numerical analysis

“…One of the most important general conclusions of these studies is that, depending on their rigidity, continuity, and surcharge loading, foundations can often force the fault rupture to deviate and thus they protect the structure from the imposed fault deformation. Several strategies to protect a facility from the danger of a fault rupturing directly underneath it have been proposed in the literature [16][17][18]. A set of practical design recommendations has also been formulated in Gazetas et al [19] while, more recently, research into the mechanics of fault-rupture-soil-foundation-structure interaction (FR-SFSI) has revealed a potentially favourable role of massive caissons in comparison with shallow and piled foundations.…”