Soil and Symbiotic Nitrogen Requirements for Optimum Soybean Production<sup>1</sup>

Harper, James E.

doi:10.2135/cropsci1974.0011183x001400020026x

Cited by 207 publications

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“…As a first approximation, we would expect that the actual magnitude ofnitrate reduction in an organ was proportional to the NRA in that organ. Harper (9) has shown for soybeans that although the in vivo NR assay integrated over time overestimates the actual accumulation of reduced N, it nevertheless is an excellent predictor of reduced N. We expect that in KNO3-treated seedlings, a greater proportion of N03 was reduced in shoots, and in NaNO3-treated seedlings, a greater proportion of N03 was reduced in roots.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Role of Potassium and Malate in Nitrate Uptake and Translocation by Wheat Seedlings

Blevins¹,

Barnett²,

Frost³

1978

Plant Physiol.

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Wheat seedlings ( Tddcum vulgare) treated with 1 mM KNO3 or NaNO3, in the presence of 0.2 mM CaSO4, were compared during a 48-hour period with respect to nitrate uptake, translocatlon, accumulation and reduction; cation uptake and accumulation; and malate accumulation. Seedlngs treated with KNO3 absord and accumulated more nitrate, had higher nitrate reductase levels in leaves but less in roots, accumulated 17 times more malate in leaves, and accumulated more of the accompanying cation than seedlings treated with NaNO3. Within seedlns of each treatment, changes in nitrate reductase activity and malate accumulation were parallel in leaves and in roots. Despite the great difference in malate accumulation, leaves of the KNO3-treated seedlgs had only slightly greater levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase than leaves of NaNO3-treated seedlings. NADP-malic enzyme levels increased only slightiy in leaves and roots of both KNO3-and NaNO3-treated seedlns. The effects of K+ and Na+ on all of these parameters can best be explained by their effects on nitrate translocation, which in turn affects the other parameters. In a separate experiment, we confirmed that phospboenolpyruvate carboxylase activity increased about 2-fold during 36 hours of KNO3 treatment, and increased only slightly in the KCI control.(2), in which K+ is an integral part of a NO3--malate shuttle between roots and shoots.Jackson and Coleman (10) first showed the presence of PEP carboxylase in roots, and proposed the PEP carboxylase-malic dehydrogenase pathway for malate accumulation in roots. This pathway, together with malic enzyme for decarboxylation of malate, have been proposed as a mechanism for pH regulation during nitrate assimilation (18, 21), but the hypothesis has not been explicitly tested. We report here the effects of NO3 and its salts on changes in activity of carboxylating and decarboxylating enzymes.Dijkshoorn et al. (6) have shown that internal HCO3, from the decarboxylation of organic acids, was exchanged for external N03 . Also, Ben-Zioni et al. (2) have shown that tobacco roots can secrete more H"CO3-into the medium when N03 is supplied than when Cl-is supplied. The source of H14CO3 was most likely malate, previously synthesized from 14C02 supplied to the leaves.These data also implied an exchange of HCO3 for external NO3.Since there is no a priori reason why this exchange should depend on the presence of K+, we predicted that activity of the reputed decarboxylase, NADP malic enzyme (5), should not be affected by the cation accompanying N03 in the medium. This prediction was fulfilled by experiment.Both the effects of N03-on cation uptake (3, 11) and the effects of different cations on N03-uptake have been studied (4, 15). In some experiments N03 uptake from KNO3 and NaNO3 were nearly the same (16 (Plant Physiol. 56: S-227, 1975 MATERIALS AND METHODSSeeds of wheat (Triticum vulgare L. cv. Arthur) were cultured according to the methods of Blevins et al. (3). The seeds were soaked for 24 hr in continuously aerated deionized ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Role of Potassium and Malate in Nitrate Uptake and Translocation by Wheat Seedlings

Blevins¹,

Barnett²,

Frost³

1978

Plant Physiol.

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“…Studies including field-measured data of postharvest N 2 O emissions are reviewed in the next section. Harper (1973). We believe that the growth pattern of soybeans in the two studies were similar since Yang and Cai (2005) reported their pod-filling stage occurred at day 82 whereas Harper (1973) stated that N 2 fixation rate peaked at the pod-filling stage (approximately day 85).…”

Section: Nodule Decomposition In Soybeans and N 2 O Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…1a; Yang and Cai 2005). According to Harper (1973), soybean N requirements peaked at the full-bloom growth stage and soybean N fixation peaked during the pod-filling stage (Fig. 1b).…”

Section: Nodule Decomposition In Soybeans and N 2 O Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Mitigation of postharvest nitrous oxide emissions from soybean ecosystems: a review

Uchida

Akiyama

2013

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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In this review, the current knowledge of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) ecosystems, particularly on postharvest N 2 O emissions, is summarized and controlling factors of postharvest N 2 O emissions from soybean ecosystems are discussed. A new biological method to mitigate N 2 O emission is also presented. The latest (2006) guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that N 2 O emissions derived directly from biological nitrogen (N) fixation were not significant in legume crop ecosystems. The default N 2 O emission factor from biological N fixation was revised to zero, whereas the default N 2 O emission factor for the decomposition of legume crop residues (postharvest N 2 O emissions) was the same as that for nonlegume crop residues (1%). From previously measured field data, the percentage of N in soybean residue emitted as N 2 O after harvest was calculated to determine emission factors. Values ranged from 0.0-10.0% (average 1.3% ± 2.7%, median: 0.2%), indicating relatively low emission factors. The average emission factor calculated for N 2 O emissions from N in soybean residues was slightly higher than the default emission factor for N in crop residue specified in the guidelines. However, the volume of field-measured postharvest N 2 O emissions in soybean ecosystems is low compared with data for N 2 O emissions during the crop growing season. Previous field-measured data demonstrated that N 2 O emissions often peaked sharply immediately after the harvest. However, values for N 2 O fluxes in the currently available field data were determined on a weekly or monthly basis. This large time gap between samplings may have resulted in underestimation of postharvest N 2 O emissions in soybean ecosystems. More detailed field studies on postharvest N 2 O emissions from soybean ecosystems are needed. Nodule decomposition is the major source of postharvest N 2 O emissions in soybean ecosystems. A new microbiological method was recently developed to mitigate postharvest N 2 O emissions from soybean ecosystems utilizing N-fixing bacteria with increased N 2 O-reducing activity (increased expression of nosZ). This approach may potentially be applied to other leguminous crops and non-legume ecosystems. Ongoing research on the relationships between soil N 2 O emissions and nosZ may reveal a new method for N 2 O mitigation in the future.

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“…Nitrogen fixation, however, may reach its peak during pod fill for soybean (Harper 1974), cowpea and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (Wery et al 1988). Thus, the crop may fail to respond to additional soil nitrate because of restricted uptake during pod fill (Nelson-Schreiber and Schweizer 1986) but could still benefit from a more efficient or prolonged N2-fixation system.…”

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confidence: 99%

Potential for increasing nitrogen fixation in grain legumes

Buttery¹,

Park²,

Hume³

1992

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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. 1992. Potential for increasing nitrogen fixation in grain legumes. Can. J. Plant . This review considers the main factors determining the Ievel of nitrogen fixation in the major grain-legume crops (chickpea, common bean, cowpea, faba bean, lentil, pea, peanut, pigeon pea and soybean) and discusses the possibilities and means for improving symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Methods of determining whether nitrogen is limiting growth and yield are discussed, and responses ofthe various crops to both the addition of nitrogen fertilizer and inoculation with effective strains of rhizobia are described. The present situation and future prospects for increasing nitrogen fixation through plant breeding, development of superior strains, superior host-strain combinations, improved inoculation techniques, bioengineering and other non-traditional methods are discussed. The general conclusions are that increases in nitrogen-fixation potential should be possible in all grain legumes through both plant breeding and strain improvement. Major increases in the quantity of nitrogen fixed could be achieved simply by improving general cultural practices; however, in developing countries, where the gap between actual and potential crop yield is so large, such improvements are likely to occur very slowly.Key words: legumes (grain), nitrogen fixation, nodulation, Mizobium, Bradyrhizobium, breeding, strain selectron Buttery, B. R., Park, S. J. et Hume, D. J. 1992. Possibilit6 d'accroitre la fixation azot6e chez les ldgumineuses ir grains. Can. J. Plant Sci. 72: 323-349. Les auteurs passent en revue les grands facteurs qui commandent le niveau de fixation azotde chez les principales l6gumineuses )r grains:pois chiche, dolique, f6verole, lentille, pois, arachide, pois cajan et soja, et ils examinent les possibilit6s et les moyens d'amdliorer la fixation azot6e sybiotique. On scrute les m6thodes utilis6es pour d6terminer si I'azote est un facteur limite pour la croissance et pour le rendement, et on d6crit la r6ponse des diverses cultures i la fois ir la fumure azotee et ir I'inoculation de souches fonctionnelles de rhizobiums. Les auteurs font le point sur ce qui se fait et sur ce qui pourrait 6tre fait )r I'avenir pour accroitre la fixation, soit par le choix d'associations optimales h6te-souche fixatrice ou par I'am6lioration des techniques d'inoculation, soit par le recours ir la biotechnologie et ir d'autres m6thodes non conventionnelles. Les conclusions g6n6rales laissent espdrer un accroissement des potentialitds de fixation N chez toutes les ldgumineuses )r grains, ir la fois par am6liorant des plantes et par celle des souches fixatrices. Des gains significatifs de fixation N pourraient 6tre r6alis6s rien qu'en am6liorant les pratiques culturales. Il reste toutefois que dans les pays en d6veloppement, l'6cart s6parant le rendement r6el et le potentiel de productivit6 des cultures est si grand que des am6liorations par cette voie ne viendront que trEs lentement.Mots cl6s: l6gumineuses )r grains, fixation azot6e, nodulation, Rhizobium,...

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Soil and Symbiotic Nitrogen Requirements for Optimum Soybean Production¹

Cited by 207 publications

References 0 publications

Role of Potassium and Malate in Nitrate Uptake and Translocation by Wheat Seedlings

Role of Potassium and Malate in Nitrate Uptake and Translocation by Wheat Seedlings

Mitigation of postharvest nitrous oxide emissions from soybean ecosystems: a review

Potential for increasing nitrogen fixation in grain legumes

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Soil and Symbiotic Nitrogen Requirements for Optimum Soybean Production1

Cited by 207 publications

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Role of Potassium and Malate in Nitrate Uptake and Translocation by Wheat Seedlings

Role of Potassium and Malate in Nitrate Uptake and Translocation by Wheat Seedlings

Mitigation of postharvest nitrous oxide emissions from soybean ecosystems: a review

Potential for increasing nitrogen fixation in grain legumes

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Soil and Symbiotic Nitrogen Requirements for Optimum Soybean Production¹